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the equation. It clearly makes a large difference, therefore, whether an inmate successfuzzy completes his treatment program or not. We also examined whether the effects of TC varied by institution, since some differences in TC implementation were observed at the five institutions. We entered a categorical variable that reflected the effect of the institutional setting of each TC program (see Model 2 in Tables 17 and 18). None of these institutional effects were statistically significant, suggesting that the impact of TC on reincarceration was invariant across the five institutions. Finally, we estimated reincarceration rates using predicted probabilities fiom logistic regression equations (see Figure 2).,, TC resulted in a significantly reduced probability of reincarceration (19% v. 26%), even when results were adjusted for the effects of control variables (see Table 18, Model 2). Life tables for survival and risk (hazard) of reincarceration are shown in Table 19. For the a comparison group, there was a sizeable drop in cumulative survival fiom 92% to 76% between six to 9 months following release fiom prison. Cumulative survival dropped gradually until the 15- month interval, where it declined precipitously fiom 62% to 25%. This appears to be a particularly high-risk interval, although there are currently too few cases in the longer time intervals to make definitive conclusions about survival at this time. The hazard hction shown in Figure 3 reveals the survival advantage enjoyed by TC inmates after 9 months. 0 34 Probabilities of reincarceration for the Comparison and TC groups were estimated using logistic regression equations with all predictor and control variables entered: Prowevent) = (1 /( 1 + e-'), where Z = C BkXik (Hanushek and Jackson, 1977; Lichter, 1989, Norusk, 1990). Estimated probabilities show the likelihood of the event (e.g., reincarceration), holding all variables except TC treatment at their means. These probabilities can be interpreted as the average effect of TC v. Comparison group membership on the event if all other variables were the same. The same procedures were used to estimate probabilities of rearrest and drug relapse for the TC and Comparison groups. 98 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
0 Table 16 Reincarceration SamDle Characteristics Comparison TC Group Group ValidN Mean ValidN Mean Sig. (s.d.) (s.d.) / Amount of Time at Risk (months) 497 10.8 149 10.8 ns i (3.08) (3.0) Age 495 34.8 149 36.7 * (8.4) (8.5) Time to Minimum (months) 495 -19.9 149 -5.8 * (34.3) (29.5) Current Offense Severity (0- 10) 495 4.5 149 5.4 * (2.6) Prior Offense Severity (0- 10) 495 4.8 (2.8) Standardized Drug Score 360 -0.2 TCU Drug Screen Score (0- 9) 171 (1-0) 3.9 (2.2) 149 5.6 (2-4) 148 0.4 (0.8) 112 5.8 PACSI Screening Instrument (0- 10) 307 (3.0) 7.6 135 (2.8) 8.6 * Total Treatment Exposure 480 (2-7) 49.0 148 (1-8) 878.2 * (85.6) (514.0) * p < .05 using 2-tailed t-test. * * * 99 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
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The author(s) shown below used Fede
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Evaluation of Pri
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e the same five institutions were c
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0 0 Treatment staff showed a high l
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Policy Issues and Recommendations R
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1. Overview In fro duction Like oth
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a years old. Offenders were serving
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integrated into the other activitie
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e repeatedly incarcerated, but untr
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0 According to a recent report by t
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e and Camacho, 1997), and the Feder
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8% lower reincarceration rate compa
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e reincarcerated, compared to only
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e of less violence and greater drug
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included those clients who graduate
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e conjunction with the National Ins
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@ drug use than untreated women (35
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9 serve, then they were removed fio
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programming per week (mean = 30 hr/
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participation in treatment) and pos
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1990; Bonta, 1996; Jones, 1996). Th
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Admission and Classification. 1 I I
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e or both’*. TC clients were aske
Page 49 and 50: e Post-release indicators focused u
Page 51 and 52: a Independent Variables One excelle
Page 53 and 54: state prison system. The test-retes
Page 55 and 56: e high correlation with the Beck De
Page 57 and 58: The social conformity scale has dis
Page 59 and 60: e (Simpson, 1997). Items assess the
Page 61 and 62: @ Sample Characteristics For each i
Page 63 and 64: ~~ 0 inmates participated in AOD pr
Page 65 and 66: ~ ~~ a Table 5 Treatment Exposure:
Page 67 and 68: Inmates in the four program types d
Page 69 and 70: dichotomous outcomes such as reinca
Page 71 and 72: We also observed statkg ratios (inm
Page 73 and 74: e until they are mandated to go, so
Page 75 and 76: a Table 8 Inmate Characteristics bv
Page 77 and 78: more counselors and that the progra
Page 79 and 80: Waymart. Inmates attend a morning m
Page 81 and 82: current TC inmates (REST and CRC fo
Page 83 and 84: ~ ~~~~ e However, a number of inmat
Page 85 and 86: e Counselor ratings of client attri
Page 87 and 88: @ process across the five programs,
Page 89 and 90: Table 10 Mean CRC Scores: Time 1, T
Page 91 and 92: Table 12 Mean CRC Scores: Paired Sa
Page 93 and 94: Table 14 ChanPes in Ratings of Trea
Page 95 and 96: DOC custody for a parole violation,
Page 97 and 98: 0 Table 15 Number and Type of Relea
Page 99: Because few inmates had been releas
Page 103 and 104: 0 Table 18 Lopistic Repression of R
Page 105 and 106: Table 19 Survival Analvsis: Life Ta
Page 107 and 108: Rearrests Rearrest analyses were ba
Page 109 and 110: Table20 ~~~ Rearrest Sample Charact
Page 111 and 112: Table 22 LoPistic Repression of Rea
Page 113 and 114: Table 23 Survival Analvsis: Life Ta
Page 115 and 116: e Drug Relapse and Other Parole Dat
Page 117 and 118: successfill discharges only), the e
Page 119 and 120: treatment, psychological hctioning)
Page 121 and 122: Table 25 Logistic Repression of Dru
Page 123 and 124: i Comparison Group TC Group Note. E
Page 125 and 126: c 0 E 40% icr E Cresson Graterford
Page 127 and 128: Hazard Function V C comparison grou
Page 129 and 130: For each of the three dependent var
Page 131 and 132: V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 133 and 134: Employment may help prevent drug re
Page 135 and 136: group did get some treatment help
Page 137 and 138: Recommendations: 2. Correctional ad
Page 139 and 140: an inmate gets closer to hisher min
Page 141 and 142: Findings suggested that certain inm
Page 143 and 144: e Finding: TC programs varied littl
Page 145 and 146: an evaluation study can be linked w
Page 147 and 148: and Ryder, 2001; Travis and Petersi
Page 149 and 150: References Andrews, Donald A. (1995
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Derogatis, L.R., H. Yevzeroff, and
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Hiller, Matthew L.; Knight, Kevin,
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the Physician Leadership on Nationa
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Palmer, Ted. (1995) "Programmatic a
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Simpson, D. Dwayne (1994) TCUPTA Fo
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U.S. Department of Justice (1998) S
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Criminal Justice. U.S. GPO. No. 198
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Appendix I. Overview of DOC Databas
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INMATE RECORDS SYSTEM This database
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Inmate (Program Participant) Interv
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' Appendix 3. Subject Consent Form
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Confidentiali@/Anonymitv I understa
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DRUG SCREEN PLEASE COMPLETE ALL INF
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@ Appendix 5. TCU Resident Evaluati
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TIiEATMENT (
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TREATMENT (C
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TREATMENT (C
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Appendix 6. TCU Counselor Rating of
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COUNSELOR RATING OF CLIENT (CONTINU
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@ INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM REPORTS: DOC-T
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pattern, chemical abuse and health
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~ on the inmate with respect to pre
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1. Presence of AOD problem that has
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@ and consists of suggestions on ho
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0 tasks, the inmate must receive a
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StaffDemographics (fidl time AOD st
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@ provided describing drug and alco
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The Inmate Handbook also lists reas
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Examples of Phase I1 problem areas
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counselor and through institutional
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9. What are the criteria for succes
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and then listing an alternative ass
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Finally, in Phase IV the inmate is
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INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM REPORTS: DOC-TEM
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Specific Program Content and Struct
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Name of Staff Member: Job Title: Hi
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