RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

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Notes ENERGY UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS Metric prefixes kilo (k) = 10 3 mega (M) = 10 6 giga (G) = 10 9 Volume 1 m 3 = 1,000 litres (l) 1 U.S. gallon = 3.78 l 1 Imperial gallon = 4.55 l tera (T) = 10 12 peta (P) = 10 15 exa (E) = 10 18 Example: 1 TJ = 1,000 GJ = 1,000,000 MJ = 1,000,000,000 kJ = 1,000,000,000,000 J = 1012 J 1 J = 0.001 MJ = 0.000001 GJ = 0.000000001 TJ Energy unit conversion multiply by: GJ Toe MBtu MWh Toe = tonnes oil equivalent 1 Mtoe = 41.9 PJ GJ 1 0.024 0.948 0.278 Toe 41.868 1 39.683 11.630 MBtu 1.055 0.025 1 0.293 MWh 3.600 0.086 3.412 1 Example: 1 MWh x 3.600 = 3.6 GJ Heat of combustion (high heat values) 1 l gasoline = 47.0 MJ/kg = 35.2 MJ/l (density 0.75 kg/l) 1 l ethanol = 29.7 MJ/kg = 23.4 MJ/l (density 0.79 kg/l) 1 l diesel = 45.0 MJ/kg = 37.3 MJ/l (density 0.83 kg/l) 1 l biodiesel = 40.0 MJ/kg = 35.2 MJ/l (density 0.88 kg/l) Solar thermal heat systems 1 million m² = 0.7 GW th Used where solar thermal heat data have been converted from square metres (m²) into gigawatts thermal (GW th ), by accepted convention. Note: 1) These values can vary with fuel and temperature. 2) Around 1.5 litres of ethanol is required to equate to 1 litre of gasoline. 132
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BIPV BNEF BOS BRICS CDM CHP CO 2 CPV CSP DSM ECOWAS ECREEE Building-integrated solar photovoltaics Bloomberg New Energy Finance Balance of system Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa Clean Development Mechanism Combined heat and power Carbon dioxide Concentrating solar photovoltaic Concentrating solar (thermal) power Demand-side management Economic Community of West African States Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency EEG German Renewable Energy Sources Act – “Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz“ EMEC European Marine Energy Centre EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ESCO Energy service company EU European Union (specifically the EU-27) EV Electric vehicle FIT Feed-in tariff FUNAE Mozambican Energy Fund – “Fundo de Energia“ GACC Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves GEF Global Environment Facility GFR Global Futures Report GHG Greenhouse gas GHP Ground-source heat pump GSR Renewables Global Status Report GW/GWh Gigawatt/gigawatt-hour GW th Gigawatt-thermal IEA IFC IPCC IRENA kW/kWh LED LCOE m 2 MENA MFI MSW mtoe MW/MWh MW th NGO NREAP OECD PPP PTC PV RPS SHS SPS SWH TW/TWh UNIDO Wp WTO International Energy Agency International Finance Corporation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Renewable Energy Agency Kilowatt/kilowatt-hour Light-emitting diode Levelised Cost of Energy Square metre Middle East and North Africa Microfinance institution Municipal solid waste Million tonnes of oil equivalent Megawatt/megawatt-hour Megawatt-thermal Non-governmental organisation National Renewable Energy Action Plan Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Public-private partnership Production Tax Credit Photovoltaics Renewable portfolio standard Solar home system (PV) Solar pico system (PV) Solar water heater/heating Terawatt/terawatt-hour United Nations Industrial Development Organization Watt-peak (nominal power) World Trade Organization PHOTO CREDITS Page 12 Page 16 Page 18 Page 26 Page 32 Page 34 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Page 42 Page 44 Page 52 Europe at night. World map and cloud textures courtesy of NASA. istockphoto CSP plant. Courtesy of BrightSource Energy CSP plant. © Geoeye / SPL / Cosmos Cornfields in Kansas, United States. Courtesy of NASA Advanced gasifier heat and power plant. Courtesy of Ralph Sims Palinpinon Geothermal Production Field. © Energy Development Corporation Hydropower dam. Shutterstock Alstom’s 1MW tidal stream device at EMEC site, Orkney, Scotland. © Alstom Rooftop solar PV. Courtesy of Emergent Energy Solar PV system, Shutterstock CSP Plant. Courtesy of Dii Offshore wind turbines. Courtesy of Vestas Wind Systems A/S Page 56 Page 62 Page 63 Page 63 Page 64 Page 70 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 80 Page 83 Page 86 Page 88 Wind turbines. Courtesy of NASA Solar PV Plant. Courtesy of SMA Solar Technology AG Wind turbines. Courtesy of Vestas Wind Systems A/S Rapeseed fields with electrical pylons. fotoalia Solar PV plant. © Geoeye / SPL / Cosmos Pylon and power lines. Shutterstock Electric vehicle at charging point. Courtesy of Fraunhofer IFF Copenhagen, Denmark. fotoVoyager, istockphoto Rooftop solar water heaters. istockphoto Solar district heating system. Courtesy of Ramboll One of the three atolls of Tokelau. Courtesy of NASA Off-grid solar PV. Courtesy of Sandra Chavez Improved cookstove. Courtesy of Sandra Chavez Hydropower reservoir. Courtesy of NASA N COPYRIGHT & IMPRINT Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century <strong>REN21</strong> Secretariat c/o UNEP 15 rue de Milan 75441 Paris, France Renewables <strong>2013</strong> Global Status Report 133
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RenewableS 2013 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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FOREWORD Access to modern energy en
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TABLES TABLE 1 Estimated Direct and
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REN21 Flagship Products and Activit
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■■Lead Regional and Country Res
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■■Reviewers and other Contribut
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewable energy
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In response to rapidly changing mar
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES ANNUAL INVESTMEN
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01 GLOBAL MARKET AND INDUSTRY OVERV
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■■Power Sector Total renewable
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Sidebar 1. The REN21 Renewables Glo
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■■Heating and Cooling Sector Mo
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BY TE
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ecame a net importer of ethanol (ma
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data. About 230 co-firing plants we
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■■Liquid Biofuels Industry The
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■■Geothermal Industry A large n
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Sidebar 3. Sustainability Spotlight
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Ocean Energy ■■Ocean Energy Mar
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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV) Figure 11.
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plant that started operating in 201
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Figure 14. Concentrating Solar Ther
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING Figure 15. So
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Wind Power ■■Wind Power Markets
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Pacific to add capacity (0.4 GW), b
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Sidebar 4. Jobs in Renewable Energy
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TABLE 2. Status of Renewable Energy
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03 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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Germany invested more than any othe
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■■Investment by Technology In 2
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■■Renewable Energy Investment i
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04 POLICY LANDSCAPE The number of p
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announced its target to develop 1 G
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In Europe, two existing RPS policie
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Sidebar 7. Linking Renewable Energy
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government targets called for an es
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establishments, including hospitals
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Table 3. Renewable Energy Support P
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Policy MAPS FIGURE 25. COUNTRIES WI
Page 81 and 82: 05 RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY Access to
Page 83 and 84: Solid biomass applications for dryi
Page 85 and 86: presents significant gaps among cou
Page 87 and 88: micro turbines were added to provid
Page 89 and 90: 06 FEATURE: SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION B
Page 91 and 92: ■■The Economic Challenge Conven
Page 93 and 94: REFERENCE TABLES TABLE R1. GLOBAL R
Page 95 and 96: Table R3. WOOD PELLET GLOBAL TRADE,
Page 97 and 98: TABLE R5. SOLAR PV GLOBAL CAPACITY
Page 99 and 100: TABLE R7. SOLAR WATER HEATING GLOBA
Page 101 and 102: TABLE R9. GLOBAL TRENDS IN RENEWABL
Page 103 and 104: TABLE R10. SHARE OF PRIMARY AND FIN
Page 105 and 106: TABLE R10. SHARE OF PRIMARY AND FIN
Page 107 and 108: TABLE R11 ANNEX. SHARE OF ELECTRICI
Page 109 and 110: TABLE R12. OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY T
Page 117 and 118: TABLE R14. CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF COU
Page 119 and 120: TABLE R16. CITY AND LOCAL RENEWABLE
Page 121 and 122: TABLE R16. CITY AND LOCAL RENEWABLE
Page 123 and 124: TABLE R17. ELECTRICITY ACCESS BY RE
Page 125 and 126: TABLE R18. POPULATION RELYING ON TR
Page 127 and 128: Council i , have shifted to trackin
Page 129 and 130: solar beam that heats a working flu
Page 131: Renewable portfolio standard (RPS)
Page 135 and 136: - Solar, 4 March 2013; MERCOM Capit
Page 137 and 138: from MNRE, “Achievements,” op.
Page 139 and 140: 68 Dong Energy, “Green Heat to th
Page 141 and 142: are preliminary and are based on P.
Page 143 and 144: made, this has not yet become evide
Page 145 and 146: Hydropower 1 International Hydropow
Page 147 and 148: 47 IMPSA, “Corporate Presentation
Page 149 and 150: op. cit. note 1, p. 13. Below expec
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Page 153 and 154: 7 Technology dominates from Proterm
Page 155 and 156: 4 Ibid., p. 2. 5 Franz Mauthner, AE
Page 157 and 158: 48 Daniel Rowe, Commonwealth Scient
Page 159 and 160: of 1,905 MW; and Poland added 880 M
Page 161 and 162: Global Wind Turbine OEM Market Lead
Page 163 and 164: capacity factors range from around
Page 165 and 166: Policy Landscape 1 This section is
Page 167 and 168: Launches Massive Renewable Program
Page 169 and 170: on Dec. 1,” biofuelsdigest.com, 2
Page 171 and 172: RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 1 Internatio
Page 173 and 174: Feature: SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION 1 Se
Page 175 and 176: Power: 2012 European Statistics (Br
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