RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

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06 FEATURE: SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION market regulations, including demand-side incentives, to cope with increasing shares of wind power and the resulting cost effects. It is enhancing and enforcing the power (and gas) grids, setting up new transmission lines (some of which are being installed underground, particularly at lower voltage levels) to connect different parts of Denmark, connecting new offshore wind farms, and enhancing connections with neighbouring countries including Germany, the Netherlands, and particularly Norway and its hydropower resources. 16 The Iberian Peninsula lacks sufficient interconnection capacity to the north (i.e., France) for the grids of European neighbours to help balance variable renewable energy. Only recently has an agreement been reached to double the interconnection capacity between Spain and France. Despite this shortcoming, Spain i and Portugal ii are among the countries with the highest wind power shares in Europe. 17 Both countries are dealing successfully with the resulting challenges. In Portugal, hydropower, and some bio-power (as well as some waste-to-energy plants) provide the major share of the country’s flexible capacity. In Spain, the main tool for dealing successfully with high shares of wind and solar power is a special control centre (CECRE), established in 2006. CECRE’s sole purpose is to monitor and safely integrate the highest possible amount of electricity from renewables. 18 Germany is in the process of “Energiewende” (energy transition or turnaround), a transformation that started long before the 2011 decision to phase out nuclear power by 2022. The first feed-in law was enacted in 1991, and the uptake of renewable energy was significantly accelerated when the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) entered into force in 2000. By granting priority grid access and priority dispatch to renewable energy, the EEG facilitated a process of transforming the power grid to accommodate increasing shares of renewable energy. The obligation for wind turbines (and recently also for solar PV) to provide system services (e.g., remote control by the grid operator and scalable output) was enacted and implemented in the 2004 and 2009 amendments to the law. 19 Renewables’ share of total consumption in the power sector increased from 6.8% in 2000 to 22.9% in 2012, with wind and solar contributing more than half of this share. 20 For 2020, Germany’s targets are to meet at least 35% of national electricity demand (80% by 2050) with renewables, to provide more than 18% of the overall total final energy (more than 60% in 2050) with renewables, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2020 (80–95% by 2050). The process is labelled and planned as system transformation, to be implemented in a cost-efficient way while maintaining a high level of supply security. 21 Smart grids, grid extension, demand response, strategic reserves, and/or capacity mechanisms for balancing power are being discussed. An ordinance that entered into force at the end of 2012 obliges operators of strategically important power plants to keep them available as reserve capacities for the power system. Discussion about incentives for flexible capacities and/or capacity payments is also ongoing. 22 China and India have the highest installed capacities of variable renewables of any developing countries and have both adopted ambitious targets to further increase the capacity and related shares of renewable energy consumption. (See Policy Landscape section.) China, India, and other countries with rapidly increasing capacities and resulting shares of variable renewables already face the challenge of integrating them into existing energy systems, which are often weak and inflexible. However, they have the opportunity to design infrastructure and markets alongside their developing wind and solar capacity; to integrate the power grid with dispatchable energy sources and CHP; and to integrate electricity with other sectors such as solar heating, electric vehicles, and other innovative products. ■■Outlook The process of developing, enacting, and implementing electricity systems with very high shares of renewables, particularly variable renewables, is ongoing. Several scenarios underline the possibility and viability of having an energy supply based predominantly on renewable energy. 23 They have been developed by high-level institutions, such as the IEA and the European Commission, and they frequently inform policy decisions. In December 2011, the European Commission published an “Energy Roadmap 2050” showing that all “decarbonisation scenarios” (those in compliance with the European Union’s greenhouse gas reduction targets of minus 80–95% below 1990 levels by 2050) will be based on very high shares of renewables—i.e., as much as 54–75% of final energy consumption, and 59–83% of electricity supply, with variable renewables playing a major role. Of the 164 scenarios examined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, the most ambitious scenario with regard to the growth of renewable energy, improvements in energy efficiency, and the resulting greenhouse gas mitigation emphasised that implementation must be based on clear and unambiguous policy decisions, including the removal of fossil fuel and nuclear power subsidies (in all sectors, including electricity, heating and cooling, and transport fuels), in order to create a level playing field for renewable energy and to avoid further costly lock-in of fossil- and nuclear-based energy production. 24 System transformation will be the most efficient and least costly means for achieving high renewable electricity shares with variable resources. The technologies needed to achieve transformation of the electricity system, from one based on thermal baseload plants fired with fossil fuels to one with high shares of variable renewables, are well understood. The requirements for designing and operating a supply system to accommodate high shares of variable renewables are also better understood, and the potential economic costs and benefits have been demonstrated. What is needed now is the political will to implement them. i In Spain, 32% of electricity was derived from renewables in 2012 (down from 33% in 2011), with 57% of that from wind, 13% from solar, and the rest from dispatchable renewable sources including hydro and bio-power, per Red Eléctrica Corporación, Corporate Responsibility Report 2012 (Madrid: 2013), p. 60. ii In Portugal, 42.7% of electricity was derived from renewables in 2012, with about half (50.5%) from wind, 1.8% from solar, and the rest mainly from hydropower and biomass, per Direcção Geral de Energia e Geologia (DGEG), Renováveis, Estatísticas Rápidas 2012 (Lisbon: January 2013). 92
REFERENCE TABLES TABLE R1. GLOBAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CAPACITY AND BIOFUEL PRODUCTION, 2012 Added During 2012 Existing at End-2012 Power Generation (GW) Bio-power +9 83 Geothermal power +0.3 11.7 Hydropower +30 990 Ocean power ~0 0.5 Solar PV +29 100 Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) +1 2.5 Wind power +45 283 Hot Water/Heating (GW th ) Modern bio-heat +3 293 Geothermal heating +8 66 Solar collectors for water heating 1 +32 255 Transport Fuels (billion litres/year) Biodiesel production +0.1 22.5 Ethanol production –1.1 83.1 1 Solar collector capacity is for glazed water systems only. Additions are net; gross additions were estimated at 53 GW th . Note: Numbers are rounded to nearest GW/GW th , except for relatively low numbers and biofuels, which are rounded to nearest decimal point; where totals do not add up, the difference is due to rounding. Rounding is to account for uncertainties and inconsistencies in available data. For more precise data, see Reference Tables R4–R8, Market and Industry Trends by Technology section, and related endnotes. Source: See Endnote 1 for this section. Renewables 2013 Global Status Report 93
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RenewableS 2013 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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FOREWORD Access to modern energy en
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TABLES TABLE 1 Estimated Direct and
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REN21 Flagship Products and Activit
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■■Lead Regional and Country Res
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■■Reviewers and other Contribut
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewable energy
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In response to rapidly changing mar
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES ANNUAL INVESTMEN
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01 GLOBAL MARKET AND INDUSTRY OVERV
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■■Power Sector Total renewable
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Sidebar 1. The REN21 Renewables Glo
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■■Heating and Cooling Sector Mo
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BY TE
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ecame a net importer of ethanol (ma
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data. About 230 co-firing plants we
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■■Liquid Biofuels Industry The
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■■Geothermal Industry A large n
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Sidebar 3. Sustainability Spotlight
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Ocean Energy ■■Ocean Energy Mar
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Page 43 and 44: plant that started operating in 201
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Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2. Status of Renewable Energy
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Page 65 and 66: 04 POLICY LANDSCAPE The number of p
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Page 83 and 84: Solid biomass applications for dryi
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Page 129 and 130: solar beam that heats a working flu
Page 131 and 132: Renewable portfolio standard (RPS)
Page 133 and 134: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BIPV BNEF BOS
Page 135 and 136: - Solar, 4 March 2013; MERCOM Capit
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Page 139 and 140: 68 Dong Energy, “Green Heat to th
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made, this has not yet become evide
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Hydropower 1 International Hydropow
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47 IMPSA, “Corporate Presentation
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op. cit. note 1, p. 13. Below expec
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66 Based on production capacity of
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7 Technology dominates from Proterm
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4 Ibid., p. 2. 5 Franz Mauthner, AE
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48 Daniel Rowe, Commonwealth Scient
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of 1,905 MW; and Poland added 880 M
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Global Wind Turbine OEM Market Lead
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capacity factors range from around
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Policy Landscape 1 This section is
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Launches Massive Renewable Program
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on Dec. 1,” biofuelsdigest.com, 2
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RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 1 Internatio
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Feature: SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION 1 Se
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Power: 2012 European Statistics (Br
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