RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

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04 Strings of solar PV panels, arranged in grids, in the state of Gujarat in western India. Ambitious new solar power targets were set in the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia, as global PV capacity surpassed the 100 GW milestone. As of early 2013, 127 countries had renewable energy support policies in place, and more than two-thirds of these were developing economies. © Geoeye / SPL / Cosmos
04 POLICY LANDSCAPE The number of policies and targets in place worldwide to support the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies increased yet again in 2012 and early 2013, and the number of countries supporting renewables continued to rise. As of early 2013, renewable energy support policies were identified in 127 countries, an increase of 18 from the 109 countries reported in GSR 2012. More than two-thirds of these countries were developing or emerging economies. i 1 (See Table 3, p. 76, Figures 25 and 26, and Figure 23 in GSR 2012.) The pace of adoption of new policies has continued to remain slow relative to the rate at which policies were added in the early-to-mid 2000s. As in recent years, the majority of policy developments continued to focus on changes to existing policies as, in many cases, policymakers felt forced to adapt quickly to rapidly changing market conditions for renewable technologies (primarily solar PV), continuingly tight national budgets, and the broader impacts of the global economic crisis. Policymakers are increasingly aware of the potential national development impacts of renewable energy. Beyond reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector, renewables can be an important driver of social, political, and economic growth—providing co-benefits such as expanding energy access; enhancing energy security; promoting improvements in health, education, and gender equality; supporting job creation; and advancing energy security in countries with little or no domestic fossil fuel resources by reducing dependence on expensive fuel imports and fossil fuel subsidies. 2 (See Sidebar 6, p. 67.) Buoyed by these factors and decreasing costs for a number of technologies, renewable energy continued to attract the attention of policymakers in 2012. This chapter does not aim to assess or analyse the effectiveness of specific policies or policy mechanisms, but rather attempts to give a picture of new policy developments at the national, state/provincial, and local levels around the world. ■■Policy Targets Policy targets for the increased deployment of renewable energy technologies have been identified in at least 138 countries as of early 2013, up from the 118 countries reported in GSR 2012, and eight new countries added targets. Renewable energy targets take many forms, the most common of which is an increase in the renewable share of electricity production. Other targets include renewable shares of primary and final energy, heat supply, and transport fuels, as well as installed and/or operating capacities of specific renewable technologies. Targets most often focus on a specific future year, but some are set for a range of years or with no year reported. (See Reference Tables R10–R12.) A number of countries had historic targets aimed at the year 2012. Of these, India appears to have met its goal of adding 9 GW of new wind capacity between 2007 and 2012, while Tonga delayed its 50% renewable electricity target to 2015. 3 Morocco fell short of its targets of a 10% renewable energy share of final energy consumption (actual share 1.8%), an 8% renewable energy share in primary energy consumption (actual share 4%), a 20% renewable energy share in electricity consumption (actual share 9.65%), and 0.28 GW th (400,000 m 2 ) of solar hot water collector area (actual capacity: 0.24 GW th , or 340,000 m 2 ). 4 Supporting data were not available by early 2013 to assess the remaining targets in India, Kenya, Pakistan, the Palestinian Territories, or Rwanda. As targets are set at varying degrees of strength and ambition, judging the “success” of these and other policy targets must be done with caution. Two countries with targets expiring in 2012 introduced new future targets. India’s 12th Five-Year Plan calls for a doubling of current renewables capacity to a total of 53 GW by 2017. 5 The Palestinian Territories set a new target of a 10% renewable share of electricity generation by 2020, as well as capacity targets for a number of renewable energy technologies. 6 In addition, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) ii and eight new countries introduced policy targets in 2012. The 15 ECOWAS countries adopted a regional renewable energy policy that includes targets of 10% renewable energy penetration in the overall electricity mix by 2020 and 19% by 2030. 7 In the Middle East, Qatar set a target of 2% renewable electricity generation from solar and 640 MW of solar PV capacity by 2020; Iraq announced a target of 400 MW of wind and solar capacity by 2016; and Saudi Arabia set targets of 24 GW renewable power capacity by 2020 and 54.1 GW by 2032. 8 In Eastern Europe, the Energy Community agreed to adopt EU Directive 2009/28/EC (see Figure 24), setting new 2020 renewable energy targets for Bosnia and Herzegovina (40%), Croatia (20%), the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (28%), Montenegro (33%), and Kosovo (25%). 9 Worldwide, a number of countries with existing targets added new complementary targets in 2012 and early 2013. In Europe, Albania (38%), Moldova (17%), Serbia (27%), and the Ukraine (11%) all set targets for renewable share of final energy. 10 Austria set a target for renewables to meet 85% of electricity consumption by 2020; Denmark established more ambitious goals of a 35% renewable share of final energy by 2020, wind generation to account for 50% of total electricity consumption by 2020, and 100% of all energy demand from renewables by 2050; France doubled its target for solar electric projects in 2013, with a new aim to add 1,000 MW; Germany codified targets for 2030, 2040, and 2050 that had been introduced previously; the Netherlands increased its final energy target to 16% by 2020, 2% higher than that mandated by the EU; Poland 04 i The increase in policies identified is based on the addition of new policies in 2012 and early 2013 as well as identification of a number of historic policies through further research. ii The 15 ECOWAS member states are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Renewables 2013 Global Status Report 65
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RenewableS 2013 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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FOREWORD Access to modern energy en
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TABLES TABLE 1 Estimated Direct and
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REN21 Flagship Products and Activit
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■■Lead Regional and Country Res
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■■Reviewers and other Contribut
Page 13 and 14: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewable energy
Page 15 and 16: In response to rapidly changing mar
Page 17 and 18: TOP FIVE COUNTRIES ANNUAL INVESTMEN
Page 19 and 20: 01 GLOBAL MARKET AND INDUSTRY OVERV
Page 21 and 22: ■■Power Sector Total renewable
Page 23 and 24: Sidebar 1. The REN21 Renewables Glo
Page 25 and 26: ■■Heating and Cooling Sector Mo
Page 27 and 28: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BY TE
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Page 31 and 32: data. About 230 co-firing plants we
Page 33 and 34: ■■Liquid Biofuels Industry The
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Page 37 and 38: Sidebar 3. Sustainability Spotlight
Page 39 and 40: Ocean Energy ■■Ocean Energy Mar
Page 41 and 42: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV) Figure 11.
Page 43 and 44: plant that started operating in 201
Page 45 and 46: Figure 14. Concentrating Solar Ther
Page 47 and 48: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING Figure 15. So
Page 49 and 50: Wind Power ■■Wind Power Markets
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Page 53 and 54: Sidebar 4. Jobs in Renewable Energy
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2. Status of Renewable Energy
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Page 67 and 68: announced its target to develop 1 G
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Page 71 and 72: Sidebar 7. Linking Renewable Energy
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Page 83 and 84: Solid biomass applications for dryi
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Page 89 and 90: 06 FEATURE: SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION B
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Page 93 and 94: REFERENCE TABLES TABLE R1. GLOBAL R
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Page 97 and 98: TABLE R5. SOLAR PV GLOBAL CAPACITY
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TABLE R12. OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY T
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TABLE R14. CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF COU
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TABLE R16. CITY AND LOCAL RENEWABLE
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TABLE R16. CITY AND LOCAL RENEWABLE
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TABLE R17. ELECTRICITY ACCESS BY RE
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TABLE R18. POPULATION RELYING ON TR
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Council i , have shifted to trackin
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solar beam that heats a working flu
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Renewable portfolio standard (RPS)
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BIPV BNEF BOS
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- Solar, 4 March 2013; MERCOM Capit
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from MNRE, “Achievements,” op.
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68 Dong Energy, “Green Heat to th
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are preliminary and are based on P.
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made, this has not yet become evide
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Hydropower 1 International Hydropow
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47 IMPSA, “Corporate Presentation
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op. cit. note 1, p. 13. Below expec
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66 Based on production capacity of
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7 Technology dominates from Proterm
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4 Ibid., p. 2. 5 Franz Mauthner, AE
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48 Daniel Rowe, Commonwealth Scient
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of 1,905 MW; and Poland added 880 M
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Global Wind Turbine OEM Market Lead
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capacity factors range from around
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Policy Landscape 1 This section is
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Launches Massive Renewable Program
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on Dec. 1,” biofuelsdigest.com, 2
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RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 1 Internatio
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Feature: SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION 1 Se
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Power: 2012 European Statistics (Br
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