RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BY TECHNOLOGY – Bioenergy
For data to end-January 2013, see MNRE, op. cit. note 37.
52 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Biomass
Co-firing: Technology Brief (Abu Dhabi: 2013).
53 ANEEL, op. cit. note 37.
54 Bioenergy Insight, “Zimbabwe capital urged to house biogas
facility,” 13 February 2013, at www.bioenergy-news.com; DGEG,
op. cit. note 37.
55 P. Richardson, “TowerPower plans Kenya’s first biomass power
plant, daily says,” Bloomberg.com, 15 January 2012.
56 IEA, Biofuels for Transport (Paris: 2011).
57 European Commission, “Commission Staff Working Document:
Impact Assessment” (Brussels: 17 October 2012). Lack of proper
infrastructure, as well as low incomes for rural populations, are
the main challenges for developing countries in the efficient production
of food. It can be argued that, under some circumstances,
sustainable biofuels production can stimulate food production
by generating revenue. Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2012
Bioenergy Forum Leaders Results Book (London: 1 March 2013).
58 Global production and Figure 8 based on F.O. Licht, op. cit. note
24, both sources. Ethanol data converted from cubic metres to
litres using 1,000 litres/cubic metre. Biodiesel reported in 1,000
tonnes and converted using a density value for biodiesel of 1,136
litres/tonne based on NREL, Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide,
Fourth Edition (Golden, CO: January 2009).
59 Figure of 21.6 billion litres from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 24; investment
from Ernst and Young, Renewable Energy Attractiveness
Indices, November 2012.
60 F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 24.
61 Bayar, op. cit. note 31.
62 World price data extracted from OECD, op. cit. note 11, with
similar data extracted from IEA, Medium Term Oil Market Report
(Paris: October 2012), although the U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization stated that global ethanol production was a far
higher 113 billion litres in 2012; U.S data from EIA, “2012 Brief:
U.S. ethanol prices and production lower compared to 2011,” 31
January 2013, at www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=9791.
63 FAO Agricultural Outlook 2012–2021 quotes average world price
in 2012 at $152.74 per 100 litres, per OECD, op. cit. note 11.
64 Data from IEA Medium Term Oil Market Reports and other sources
including R. Pernick, C. Wilder, and T. Winnie, Clean Energy Trends
2013, Clean Edge, March 2013.
65 F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 24.
66 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Finalizes 2013
Biomass-Based Diesel Volume, Regulatory Announcement
(Washington, DC: September 2012).
67 F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 24.
68 Spain and Italy from F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 24; Portugal from
DGEG, op. cit. note 37.
69 Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum (ANP), Natural Gas and
Biofuels, Anuário Estatístico Brasileiro do Petróleo, Gás Natural e
Biocombustíveis-2011 (Brasilia: 2011).
70 F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 24.
71 Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels, “Global Clean Energy
Holdings Earns Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB)
certification,” press release (McLean, VA: 26 November 2012);
“Cuba plant eyes green biodiesel alternative,” China Post, 18 July
2012.
72 Data are uncertain. One reference (Wang, op. cit. note 34) stated
that biodiesel had increased to 0.5 billion litres, but F.O. Licht (op.
cit. note 24) stated that it has maintained at 0.16 billion litres.
73 F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 24.
74 Ibid.
75 Data from ibid.
76 F.O. Licht, op. cit. note 24.
77 “Zambia’s Copperbelt to triple biodiesel production,” Biofuels
Digest, 6 January 2012, at www.biofuelsdigest.com.
78 Andrew Herndon, “Cellulosic biofuel to surge in 2013 after first US
plants open,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com,12 December 2012;
J. Lane, “The Obama plan for cost-competitive military biofuels
– the 10 minute guide,” Biofuels Digest, 3 July 2012, at www.
renewableenergyworld.com; Advanced Biofuels Association,
“Advanced biofuels powers US naval carrier strike force in Pacific
exercise,” July 2012, at www.sacbee.com.
79 Jim Lane, “IEA says cellulosic biofuels capacity has tripled since
2010: New Task 39 global report,” Biofuels Digest, 5 April 2013,
at www.biofuelsdigest.com. About half the plants listed here are
in the United States. EPA biofuel registrations by fuel type can be
found at EPA, “2012 RFS2 Data,” www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/rfsdata
/2012emts.htm, updated 7 April 2013. The original U.S. mandate
of 1.5 million tonnes was waived to 25,946 tonnes, but only 60.2
tonnes were actually registered by April 2012. The EPA shows
20,069 tonnes in April 2012 but these were certificate waivers
purchased from the U.S. Treasury.
80 “Shangdong Longlive Biotechnology delivers first batch of bioethanol
from corn cobs,” GreenProspectsAsia.com, 5 December
2012.
81 For individual plants worldwide and their annual current production,
see European Biofuels Technology Platform, www.biofuelstp.
eu/advancedbiofuels.htm#prod.
82 The number of fuelling stations selling 100% biomethane doubled
from 35 to 76 in the first seven months, and, by August, the fuel
was available in varying ratios at nearly 230 of Germany’s 900 natural
gas filling stations, per “Germany Doubles Pure Biomethane
Filling Stations in Seven Months,” ngvglobal.com, 16 August
2012; 119 fuelling stations and increase from 6% to 15% from
Christian Müller, “Biomethane in the Fast Lane,” German Energy
Agency (DENA), 27 March 2013, at www.dena.de/presse-medien/
pressemitteilungen/biomethan-auf-der-ueberholspur.html
(viewed using Google Translate).
83 There were around 1.7 million gas-powered vehicles operating
in Europe in 2012 but most used natural gas, per NGVA
Europe, “European NGV Statistics,” www.ngvaeurope.eu/
european-ngv-statistics.
84 Other vehicles in the fleet were using ethanol. “Stockholm City
Fleet Now 98% Green, 50% Biomethane,” ngvglobal.com, 4
October 2012.
85 However, most of the plants produce biofuels and animal feed
as a co-product, and not a wider range of multi-products, per
Renewable Fuels Association, “Biorefinery Locations,” www.
ethanolrfa.org/bio-refinery-locations/, updated 24 April 2013.
86 Piers Grimley Evans, “Metso biomass plant to heats towns in
Finland,” Cogeneration and On-site Power Production, 22 January
2013, at www.cospp.com; Piers Grimley Evans, “Metso to supply
Swedish biomass CHP plant,” Cogeneration and On-site Power
Production, 28 November 2012, at www.cospp.com; Bioenergy
Insight, “New Russian biomass plant appoints technology
supplier,” 13 February 2013, at www.bioenergy-news.com. NOTE:
Many similar biomass projects under development in Europe and
elsewhere are described at www.cospp.com.
87 Piers Grimley Evans, “Local-scale wood-fired CHP accelerates
in UK,” Cogeneration and On-site Power Production, 21 January
2013, at www.cospp.com.
88 The project was co-financed through a government award and
with revenues obtained from the sale of 200 million emission
allowances from the EU emissions trading scheme, per Bayar, op.
cit. note 31.
89 Masumi Suga and Yasumasa Song, “JFE unit’s boiler orders
to surge as biomass takes hold in Japan,” Bloomberg.com, 16
January 2013.
90 Bioenergy Insight, “North American wood pellet export to Europe
rises,” 29 January 2013, at www.bioenergy-news.com.
91 Bioenergy Insight, “Renewable energy facility celebrates year
in production,” 1 March 2013, at www.bioenergy-news.com;
T. Probert, “Biomass industry 2012 review – a mixed bag,”
RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 24 December 2012.
92 M. Wild, Principal, Wild and Partners, LLC, Vienna, personal
communication with REN21, 2013. Note that a single average size
coal power plant converted to co-fire with torrefied biomass would
consume more than 10–20 times this current global production
capacity. Torrefaction is a thermal pre-treatment process
applicable to all solid biomass. Compared with wood chips or
ordinary pellets, the volatile content of torrefied (or black) pellets
is reduced, the carbon content and heat values increased, and
grindability, water resistance, and storability improved. Typical
net heat value is 21 GJ/tonne. Densified black pellets or briquettes
contain eight times the energy content of the same volume of
green wood chips so logistics costs can be reduced, even by
30% lower than other densified products such as wood pellets.
Torrefaction of biomass has been presented as a game-changer
for coal substitution, but even though major advances have been
142