RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

ENDNOTES 01 GlObal MaRkET aNd INduSTRy OvERvIEw
data from Danish Energy Agency (Energi Styrelsen), “Elforsyning,”
(Electricity supply), Månedsstatistik (Monthly Statistics), January
2013, at www.ens.dk; solar PV met an estimated 5.6% of national
demand in Italy from Terna, “Early Data on 2012 Electricity
Demand: 325.3 Billion kWh The Demand, -2.8% Compared to
2011,” press release (Rome: 9 January 2013).
21 Prices are being driven down via the merit order effect and,
in some cases, this is increasing financial pressure on some
conventional generators, per “Energy Firm RWE Gives Up on
Renewables Target,” ENDSEurope.com, 5 March 2013; Rachel
Morison and Julia Mengewein, “Wind Blows German Power Swings
to Five-Year High,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 22 February
2013; wind energy undercutting power prices already driven down
by lows in natural gas, and below zero in several U.S. states, from
Julie Johnsson and Naureen S. Malik, “Nuclear Industry Withers in
U.S. as Wind Pummels Prices,” Bloomberg.com, 11 March 2013;
Giles Parkinson, “Wind, Solar Force Energy Price Cuts in South
Australia,” 3 October 2012, at http://reneweconomy.com.au.
22 FS–UNEP/BNEF, 2013, op. cit. note 14. According to BNEF,
the average cost per MWh of new gas- and coal-fired capacity
increased by some 40% worldwide between the second quarter
of 2009 and the first quarter of 2013, reflecting higher bills for
capital equipment.
23 For example, a Citi Research report found that solar is cheaper
than domestic electricity tariffs in many parts of the world, that
wind is competitive with lower wholesale prices in a growing
number of regions, and that renewables can compete against
combined-cycle gas turbines in regions with higher-priced gas,
per Jason Channell, Timothy Lam, and Shahriar Pourreza, Shale
& Renewables: A Symbiotic Relationship (London: Citi Research,
a division of Citigroup Global Markets Inc., September 2012);
a BNEF study found that the levelised cost of electricity from
best-in-class wind sites is lower than that from the cheapest
natural gas-fired plants and cheaper than the lowest-cost new
fossil fuel plants in Australia, per BNEF, “Australia LCOE update:
Wind Cheaper than Coal and Gas,” Asia & Oceania Clean Energy
Research Note, 31 January 2013; electricity from wind can
be supplied below the cost of coal-fired generation in parts of
India according to Greenko Group Plc., cited in Natalie Obiko
Pearson, “In Parts of India, Wind Energy Proving Cheaper Than
Coal,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 18 July 2012; in India, peak
demand prices on the spot market have reached Rs. 12/kWh; by
comparison, the LCOE of most solar plants under construction as
of early 2013 was an estimated Rs. 8–9/kWh, per Sourabh Sen,
“Assessing Risk and Cost in India: Solar’s Trajectory Compared
to Coal,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 17 April 2013; solar PV
is cost-competitive in remote rural and island communities that
depend on diesel-fired generation, and has achieved grid parity in
some locations earlier than expected, per Sarasin, op. cit. note 12,
p. 9; solar PV is cheaper than grid power for commercial consumers
in Maharashtra, Delhi, and Kerala in India, even without a
subsidy, per Bridge to India, India Solar Compass, April 2013, p.
26; analysis from the International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA) suggests that, in most OECD countries with good wind
resources, the most competitive onshore wind projects are now
cost-competitive with fossil fuels and that price reductions mean
this is increasingly true, per IRENA, Renewable Power Generation
Costs in 2012: An Overview (Abu Dhabi: January 2013); and
according to the IEA, in some countries with good wind resources,
including Brazil and Turkey, wind power projects are successfully
competing without subsidies against fossil fuel-based power
projects in wholesale electricity markets, from IEA, Tracking Clean
Energy Progress 2013 (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2013). Note that offshore
wind levelised costs increased between the second quarter of
2009 and the first quarter of 2013, as project developers moved
further from shore and into deeper waters, and some CSP and
geothermal power technologies also saw cost increases during
this period, from FS–UNEP and BNEF, 2013, op. cit. note 14.
24 Rankings were determined by gathering data for the world’s top
countries for hydropower, wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal
power capacity. China based on 228.6 GW hydropower (not
including pure pumped storage capacity) from CEC, op. cit. note
19, and from China National Renewable Energy Center (CNREC),
“China Renewables Utilization Data 2012,” March 2013, at www.
cnrec.org.cn/english/publication/2013-03-02-371.html; 75,324
MW wind from Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA), with
data provided by Shi Pengfei, personal communication with
REN21, 14 March 2013, and from GWEC, op. cit. note 5; 7,000
MW of solar PV from IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme
(IEA-PVPS), PVPS Report, A Snapshot of Global PV 1992–2012
(Paris: 2013); 8,000 MW of bio-power from CNREC, op. cit. this
note; 26.6 MW geothermal from GEA, op. cit. note 1; and small
amounts of CSP (pilot projects) and ocean energy capacity.
United States based on 78.3 GW hydropower from EIA, Electric
Power Annual 2010, op. cit. note 1, Table 4.3 (Existing Capacity
by Energy Source); projected net additions in 2012 of 99 MW
from idem, Table 4.5 (Planned Generating Capacity Changes
by Energy Source, 2012–2016); 60,007 MW of wind from
American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), AWEA U.S. Wind
Industry Annual Market Report, Year Ending 2012 (Washington,
DC: April 2013), Executive Summary; 7,219 MW of solar PV from
GTM Research and U.S. Solar Energy Industries Association
(SEIA), U.S. Solar Market Insight Report, 2012 Year in Review
(Washington, DC: 2013), p. 21; 15 GW bio-power from Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Office of Energy Projects,
Energy Infrastructure Update for December 2012 (Washington,
DC: 2012); 3,386 MW of geothermal power from GEA, op. cit.
note 1; 507 MW of CSP from SEIA, “Utility-scale Solar Projects
in the United States Operating, Under Construction, or Under
Development,” www.seia.org/sites/default/files/resources/
Major%20Solar%20Projects%20List%202.11.13.pdf, updated
11 February 2013, and from Fred Morse, Abengoa Solar,
personal communication with REN21, 13 March 2013. Brazil
based on 84,000 MW of hydropower, 7.6 MW of solar PV, and
9.66 GW of bio-power from ANEEL – National Electric Energy
Agency, “Generation Data Bank,” February 2013, at www.aneel.
gov.br/aplicacoes/capacidadebrasil/capacidadebrasil.cfm (in
Portuguese); and 2,508 MW of wind from GWEC, op. cit. note
5. Canada based on 77.1 GW of hydropower from the following:
existing capacity of 75.08 GW at the end of 2010 from Statistics
Canada, Table 127-0009, “Installed generating capacity, by
class of electricity producer,” at http://www5.statcan.gc.ca; plus
capacity additions in 2011 of 1.34 GW from Marie-Anne Sauvé,
Hydro Québec, and Domenic Marinelli, Manitoba Hydro, personal
communications via International Hydropower Association (IHA),
April 2012; plus capacity additions in 2012 of 0.68 GW from
IHA, personal communication with REN21, March 2013; also
on 6,200 MW wind from GWEC, op. cit. note 5; 765 MW solar
PV from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. this note; 1,821 MW bio-power from
preliminary estimates from IEA, Medium-Term..., op. cit. note 1;
and 20 MW of ocean from IEA Implementing Agreement on Ocean
Energy Systems (IEA-OES), “Ocean Energy in the World,” www.
ocean-energy-systems.org/ocean_energy_in_the_world/, and
from IEA-OES, Annual Report 2012 (Lisbon: 2012), Table 6.1.
Germany based on 4.4 GW of hydropower, 31,315 MW of wind,
and 7,647 MW of bio-power from German Federal Ministry for the
Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU),
“Renewable Energy Sources 2012,” data from Working Group on
Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat), provisional data (Berlin:
28 February 2013), p. 18; 32,411 MW of solar PV from EPIA, Global
Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2013–2017 (Brussels: May 2013)
and from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. this note; and 12.75 MW geothermal
power from GEA, op. cit. note 1.
25 China, United States, and Germany from ibid, all references.
Spain based on 17,057 MW of hydropower from REE, op. cit. note
5; 22,796 MW of wind from GWEC, op. cit. note 5; 5,100 MW solar
PV from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. note 24; 952 MW bio-power from REE,
Boletin Mensual, No. 72, December 2012; and 1,950 MW CSP
from Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE), provided by Eduardo
Garcia Iglesias, Protermosolar, Madrid, personal communication
with REN21, 16 May 2013, and from REE, Boletín Mensual, op.
cit. this note. Italy based on 18.2 GW hydropower and 3,800 MW
of bio-power from Gestore Servizi Energetici (GSE), “Impianti a
fonti rinnovaili in Italia: Prima stima 2012,” 28 February 2013;
8,144 MW of wind from GWEC, op. cit. note 5; 16,420 MW of solar
PV from GSE, “Rapporto Statistico 2012, Solare Fotovoltaico,”
8 May 2013, p. 8, at www.gse.it; 880 MW of geothermal power
from GEA, op. cit. note 1; and 5 MW (demonstration) of CSP from
EurObserv’ER, The State of Renewable Energies in Europe, 12th
EurObserv’ER Report (Paris: 2012), p. 88. India based on 42.8
GW of hydropower from Indian Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE), “Achievements,” www.mnre.gov.in/missionand-vision-2/achievements/,
28 February 2013, from MNRE,
Annual Report 2012–2013 (Delhi: 2013), and from Government of
India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, “Installed
Capacity (in MW) of Power Utilities in the States/UTS Located in
Northern Region Including Allocated Shares in Joint & Central
Sector Utilities,” www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/
jan13.pdf, viewed 11 April 2013; 18,421 MW of wind from GWEC,
op. cit. note 5; 1,205 MW of solar PV from EPIA, op. cit. note 24,
and from IEA-PVPS, op. cit. note 24; about 4 GW of bio-power
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