RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

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05 The South Pacific nation of Tokelau, home to around 1,400 people, recently went 100% renewable through a combination of solar PV and biofuel derived from coconuts. A number of countries are developing large-scale programmes that address the dual challenges of energy access and sustainability through the use of renewable energy. Source: NASA
05 RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY Access to modern energy services is essential for economic growth and is indispensable to sustainable human development. Worldwide, roughly 1.3 billion people continue to lack access to electricity and 2.6 billion rely on traditional biomass stoves and open fires for cooking and heating. 1 More than 99% of people without electricity live in developing regions, and four out of five of them are in rural South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. 2 Renewable energy can play an important role in providing modern energy services to the billions of people who depend on traditional sources of energy, often relying on kerosene lamps or candles for lighting, traditional biomass for cooking and heating, and expensive dry-cell batteries to power radios for communications. In many rural areas of developing countries, connections to electric grids are economically prohibitive or may take decades to materialise. Today, there exists a wide array of viable and cost-competitive alternatives to traditional bioenergy and to grid electricity and carbon-based fuels that can provide reliable and sustainable energy services. Renewable energy systems offer an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate the transition to modern energy services in remote and rural areas. Rural renewable energy markets in developing countries show significant diversity, with the levels of electrification, access to clean cookstoves, financing models, and support policies varying greatly among countries and regions. Due to the diversity of situations as well as to the variety of renewable technologies, typologies, and applications, the actors in this field are very diverse as well, and differ from one region to the next. They range from small private distributors of solar lanterns, pico-hydro systems, and modern cookstoves, to national governments, international nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), and development banks. 3 The primary actors in the rural renewable energy sector include: end users (private individuals and communities); national, regional, and local governments; utility companies; rural electrification agencies; development banks and multilateral organisations; international and national development agencies; NGOs; private donors; and manufacturing and installation companies. They also include up-and-coming private investment companies, operations and maintenance (O&M) entities, system integrators, national-level importers, regulators, extension agents, local technicians and industries, microenterprises, and microfinance institutions (MFIs). The large diversity in the field and lack of coordination make data collection and impact assessment challenging, resulting in the absence of consolidated and credible data. In addition, a large portion of the market for small-scale renewable systems is paid in cash, and such sales are not tracked, making it difficult to detail the progress of renewable energy in remote and offgrid areas in all countries. Data are available, however, for many individual programmes and countries. This section seeks to update the status of the rural renewable energy markets based on information obtained from a large network of experts. ■■Renewable Technologies for Rural Energy The year 2012 brought improved access to modern energy services through the use of renewables. Rural use of renewable electricity has increased with greater affordability, improved knowledge about local renewable resources, and more sophisticated technology applications. Attention to mini-grids has risen in parallel with price reductions in wind, solar inverter, gasification, and metering technologies. Technological progress also advanced the rural heating and cooking sectors, while programmes to educate rural populations about the benefits of clean cooking solutions and other modern energy services solutions continued to gain popularity. 4 In addition, there was a continuation of programmes that focus on local training for repair and maintenance of small renewable energy systems, which is important because service costs in remote areas and islands are often prohibitive. 5 Solar PV prices continued their downward trajectory, rendering even relatively small installations more affordable. Falling prices, efficient LED lamps, and battery improvements have combined to provide accessible, lightweight, reliable, and long-lived solar lanterns that can meet the basic needs of many people, usually at lower cost than conventional kerosene-based alternatives. 6 Solar pico-PV systems (SPS), which range up to 10 watts and can be easily self-installed and used, are now commonly available in a broad range of capacities. They can be put to a variety of uses, such as powering off-grid medical clinics, as is done in several remote parts of sub-Saharan Africa. 7 Slightly larger solar home systems (SHS)—solar PV systems generally ranging from 10 to 200 watts—are increasingly being installed in rural areas where small grids are infeasible. In Bangladesh, for example, more than 2.1 million systems had been deployed by March <strong>2013</strong>. This development is changing the energy-access dynamic in Bangladesh and turning rural villages into thriving centres of commerce. 8 Small-scale wind turbines, typically up to 50 kW, have experienced performance improvements due to the advanced wireless technologies and materials that have come into play. Small- and medium-scale wind turbines are becoming increasingly competitive and are easy to integrate into existing grids. In Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, and Morocco, plans are under way to add wind to existing mini-grid systems. 9 (See Sidebar 8.) Even in areas with limited infrastructure, medium-scale wind systems in increasing numbers are being transported, installed, and maintained, with generation costs as low as USD 0.10/kWh in 2012. 10 Micro-hydro power generation schemes as small as 1 kW are used extensively in remote and rural areas. Geothermal 05 Renewables <strong>2013</strong> Global Status Report 81
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RenewableS 2013 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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FOREWORD Access to modern energy en
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TABLES TABLE 1 Estimated Direct and
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REN21 Flagship Products and Activit
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■■Lead Regional and Country Res
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■■Reviewers and other Contribut
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewable energy
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In response to rapidly changing mar
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES ANNUAL INVESTMEN
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01 GLOBAL MARKET AND INDUSTRY OVERV
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■■Power Sector Total renewable
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Sidebar 1. The REN21 Renewables Glo
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■■Heating and Cooling Sector Mo
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BY TE
Page 29 and 30: ecame a net importer of ethanol (ma
Page 31 and 32: data. About 230 co-firing plants we
Page 33 and 34: ■■Liquid Biofuels Industry The
Page 35 and 36: ■■Geothermal Industry A large n
Page 37 and 38: Sidebar 3. Sustainability Spotlight
Page 39 and 40: Ocean Energy ■■Ocean Energy Mar
Page 41 and 42: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV) Figure 11.
Page 43 and 44: plant that started operating in 201
Page 45 and 46: Figure 14. Concentrating Solar Ther
Page 47 and 48: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING Figure 15. So
Page 49 and 50: Wind Power ■■Wind Power Markets
Page 51 and 52: Pacific to add capacity (0.4 GW), b
Page 53 and 54: Sidebar 4. Jobs in Renewable Energy
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2. Status of Renewable Energy
Page 57 and 58: 03 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 59 and 60: Germany invested more than any othe
Page 61 and 62: ■■Investment by Technology In 2
Page 63 and 64: ■■Renewable Energy Investment i
Page 65 and 66: 04 POLICY LANDSCAPE The number of p
Page 67 and 68: announced its target to develop 1 G
Page 69 and 70: In Europe, two existing RPS policie
Page 71 and 72: Sidebar 7. Linking Renewable Energy
Page 73 and 74: government targets called for an es
Page 75 and 76: establishments, including hospitals
Page 77 and 78: Table 3. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 79: Policy MAPS FIGURE 25. COUNTRIES WI
Page 83 and 84: Solid biomass applications for dryi
Page 85 and 86: presents significant gaps among cou
Page 87 and 88: micro turbines were added to provid
Page 89 and 90: 06 FEATURE: SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION B
Page 91 and 92: ■■The Economic Challenge Conven
Page 93 and 94: REFERENCE TABLES TABLE R1. GLOBAL R
Page 95 and 96: Table R3. WOOD PELLET GLOBAL TRADE,
Page 97 and 98: TABLE R5. SOLAR PV GLOBAL CAPACITY
Page 99 and 100: TABLE R7. SOLAR WATER HEATING GLOBA
Page 101 and 102: TABLE R9. GLOBAL TRENDS IN RENEWABL
Page 103 and 104: TABLE R10. SHARE OF PRIMARY AND FIN
Page 105 and 106: TABLE R10. SHARE OF PRIMARY AND FIN
Page 107 and 108: TABLE R11 ANNEX. SHARE OF ELECTRICI
Page 109 and 110: TABLE R12. OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY T
Page 117 and 118: TABLE R14. CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF COU
Page 119 and 120: TABLE R16. CITY AND LOCAL RENEWABLE
Page 121 and 122: TABLE R16. CITY AND LOCAL RENEWABLE
Page 123 and 124: TABLE R17. ELECTRICITY ACCESS BY RE
Page 125 and 126: TABLE R18. POPULATION RELYING ON TR
Page 127 and 128: Council i , have shifted to trackin
Page 129 and 130: solar beam that heats a working flu
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Renewable portfolio standard (RPS)
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BIPV BNEF BOS
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- Solar, 4 March 2013; MERCOM Capit
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from MNRE, “Achievements,” op.
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68 Dong Energy, “Green Heat to th
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are preliminary and are based on P.
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made, this has not yet become evide
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Hydropower 1 International Hydropow
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47 IMPSA, “Corporate Presentation
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op. cit. note 1, p. 13. Below expec
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66 Based on production capacity of
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7 Technology dominates from Proterm
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4 Ibid., p. 2. 5 Franz Mauthner, AE
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48 Daniel Rowe, Commonwealth Scient
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of 1,905 MW; and Poland added 880 M
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Global Wind Turbine OEM Market Lead
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capacity factors range from around
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Policy Landscape 1 This section is
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Launches Massive Renewable Program
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on Dec. 1,” biofuelsdigest.com, 2
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RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 1 Internatio
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Feature: SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION 1 Se
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Power: 2012 European Statistics (Br
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RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

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