RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

Endnotes Reference Tables
Reference Tables
1 Table R1 Bio-power based on the following sources: International
Energy Agency (IEA) Energy Statistics online data services,
2013; REN21, Renewables 2012 Global Status Report (Paris: 2012);
U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Office of Energy Projects
Energy Infrastructure Update for December 2012; German
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear
Safety (BMU), “Renewable Energy Sources 2012,” with data
from Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat),
provisional data, 28 February 2013, at www.erneuerbare-energien.
de; State Electricity Regulatory Commission, National Bureau
of Statistics, National Energy Administration, Energy Research
Institute, and China National Renewable Energy Center, “China Renewables
Utilization Data 2012,” March 2013, at www.cnrec.org.
cn/english/publication/2013-03-02-371.html; ANEEL – National
Electric Energy Agency, “Generation Data Bank,” (in Portuguese);
U.K. Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), “Energy
Trends section 6 – Renewables,” and “Renewable electricity
capacity and generation ET6.1,“ https://www.gov.uk/government/
publications/renewables-section-6-energy-trends, updated 9 May
2013; Électricité Réseau Distribution France (ERDF), “Installations
de production raccordées au réseau géré par ERDF a fin décembre
2012,” at www.erdfdistribution.fr; Red Eléctrica de España (REE),
The Spanish Electricity System, Preliminary Report 2012 (Madrid:
December 2012), at www.ree.es; Indian Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE), “Achievements,” http://mnre.gov.in/
mission-and-vision-2/achievements/, viewed May 2013; Institute
for Sustainable Energy Policy (ISEP), Renewables 2013 Japan Status
Report, www.isep.or.jp/jsr2013; Directorate General for Energy
and Geology (DGEG), Portugal, 2013, at www.precoscombustiveis.
dgeg.pt. Geothermal power additions and total global installed
capacity in 2012 of 11.65 GW based on global inventory of geothermal
power plants compiled by Geothermal Energy Association
(GEA) (unpublished database), per Benjamin Matek, GEA, personal
communication with REN21, May 2013. Hydropower based on 955
GW at the end of 2011 and 26–30 GW added during 2012 from
International Hydropower Association, London, personal communication
with REN21, February 2013; more than 975 GW in operation
in 2011, including a limited number of pumped storage facilities,
from International Journal on Hydropower & Dams, Hydropower &
Dams World Atlas 2012 (Wellington, Surrey, U.K.: 2012); 35 GW of
capacity added in 2012 from Hydro Equipment Association, Brussels,
personal communication with REN21, April 2012. Based on
these figures, a best estimate of non-pumped storage hydro capacity
at year-end 2012 is about 990 GW. Ocean power total capacity
in 2011 was 526,704 kW, per IEA Implementing Agreement on
Ocean Energy Systems (OES), Annual Report 2011 (Lisbon: 2011),
Table 6.2. Little capacity to speak of was added in 2012. See Ocean
Energy section and related endnotes for more information. Solar
PV from sources in Endnote 5 in this section. CSP from sources in
Endnote 6 in this section. Wind power from sources in Endnote 8
in this section. Modern bio-heat based on 290 GW th
in GSR 2012,
which was estimated based on the average of the capacity obtained
from secondary modern bioenergy for heat in the year 2008 (297
GWth) presented in Helena Chum et al., "Bioenergy," Chapter 2 in
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Special Report
on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (Cambridge,
U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2011), assuming a growth
rate of 3%, and the heat capacity in the year 2009 (270 GWth) from
W.C. Turkenburg et al., “Renewable Energy,” in T.B. Johansson et
al., eds., in Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future
(Cambridge, U.K. and Laxenburg, Austria: Cambridge University
Press and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis,
2012), and assuming a 3% growth rate for 2012. No more-accurate
data currently exist. Geothermal heating estimates are based on values
for 2010 (50.8 GW th
of capacity providing 121.6 TWh of heat),
from John W. Lund, Derek H. Freeston, and Tonya L. Boyd, “Direct
Utilization of Geothermal Energy: 2010 Worldwide Review,” in Proceedings
of the World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia,
25–29 April 2010; updates from John Lund, Geo-Heat Center,
Oregon Institute of Technology, personal communications with
REN21, March, April, and June 2011. Since use of ground-source
heat pumps is growing much faster than other direct-use categories,
historical average annual growth rates for capacity and energy-use
values for nine sub-categories of direct heat use were calculated for
the years 2005–10 and used to project change for each category.
The resulting weighted average annual growth rate for direct-heat
use operating capacity is 13.8%, and for thermal energy use is
11.6%. The resulting estimated aggregate average capacity factor
is 26.8%. Solar collectors for water heating estimates based on
data from Werner Weiss and Franz Mauthner, Solar Heat Worldwide:
Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2011, edition 2013
(Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, May
2013); and from Franz Mauthner, AEE – Institute for Sustainable
Technologies, Gleisdorf, Austria, personal communication with
REN21, 14 May 2013. Weiss and Mauthner estimate that total yearend
2012 capacity for all solar collectors was 268.1 GW th
, counting
95% of the global market, based on available market data from Austria,
Brazil, China, Germany, and India; data for remaining countries
were estimated according to the trends for the previous two years.
Data were adjusted upwards by REN21 from 95% to 100% of the
global market, for a total of 282.2 GW th
, and then 90.2% of this total
was taken to arrive at the total year-end capacity for glazed water
collectors only (254.55 GW th
). Net additions in 2012 were calculated
by subtracting the 2011 year-end total from the 2012 total estimate
for glazed water collectors. The 2011 year-end total was calculated
by adjusting up to 100% (from 95%) the 211.5 GW th
in operation to
222.63 GW th
, per Mauthner, op. cit. this note. Ethanol and biodiesel
production in 2012 from sources in Endnote 4 in this section.
2 Table R2 from the following sources: For all global data, see
Endnote 1 for this section and other relevant reference tables. For
more specific data and sources by country or region, see Global
Market and Industry Overview section and related endnotes; for
more specific technology data, see Market and Industry Trends by
Technology section. Bio-power from sources in Endnote 1 for this
section. Russia and South Africa from IEA, Medium-Term Renewable
Energy Market Report 2013 (Paris: OECD/IEA, forthcoming
2013); EU-27 based on the following sources: REN21, Renewables
2012 Global Status Report (Paris: 2012); German Federal Ministry
for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
(BMU), “Renewable Energy Sources 2012,” based on information
supplied by the Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics
(AGEE-Stat), provisional data, 28 February 2013, p. 18, at www.erneuerbare-energien.de;
Gestore Servizi Energetici (GSE), “Impianti
a fonti rinnovabili in Italia: Prima stima 2012,” 28 February 2013;
U.K. Government, Department of Energy and Climate Change,
“Energy trends section 6: renewables,” and “Renewable electricity
capacity and generation (ET6.1),” 9 May 2013, at https://www.gov.
uk/government/publications/renewables-section-6-energy-trends;
Électricité Réseau Distribution France (ERDF), “Installations de
production raccordées au réseau géré par ERDF à fin décembre
2012,” www.erdfdistribution.fr/medias/Donnees_prod/parc_prod_
decembre_2012.pdf; Red Eléctrica de España, The Spanish Electricity
System: Preliminary Report 2012 (Madrid: 2012); Directorate
General for Energy and Geology (DGEG), Portugal, 2013, www.
precoscombustiveis.dgeg.pt. Note that IEA Energy Statistics online
data services, 2013, were used to check against OECD country
data from other references used, and 2011 capacity data for
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden
were assumed to have increased by 2%. Geothermal power from
global inventory of geothermal power plants by Geothermal Energy
Association (GEA) (unpublished database), provided by Benjamin
Matek, GEA, personal communication with REN21, May 2013.
Ocean power from IEA Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy
Systems, Annual Report 2011 (Lisbon: 2011), Table 6.2. Solar
PV EU-27 from Gaëtan Masson, European Photovoltaic Industry
Association and IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme
(IEA-PVPS), personal communications with REN21, February–May
2013; China, Germany, India, and Spain from IEA-PVPS, PVPS
Report: A Snapshot of Global PV 1992–2012 (Paris: 2013); United
States from GTM Research and U.S. Solar Energy Industries
Association, U.S. Solar Market Insight Report, 2012 Year in Review
(Washington, DC: 2013), p. 21; Italy from GSE, Rapporto Statistic
2012 – Solare Fotovoltaico, 8 May 2013, at www.gse.it. Other
BRICS include: Brazil (7.6 MW) from ANEEL – National Electric
Energy Agency, “Generation Data Bank” (in Portuguese), viewed
February 2013; Russia (no capacity to speak of); and South Africa
(30 MW) from EScience Associates, Urban-Econ Development
Economists, and Chris Ahlfeldt, The Localisation Potential of Photovoltaics
(PV) and a Strategy to Support Large Scale Roll-Out in South
Africa, Integrated Report, Draft Final v1.2, prepared for the South
African Department of Trade and Industry, March 2013, p. x, at
www.sapvia.co.za. CSP from sources in Endnote 6 for this section.
Wind power global total from Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC),
Global Wind Report – Annual Market Update 2012 (Brussels: April
2013); from from Navigant’s BTM Consult, International Wind Energy
Development: World Market Update 2012 (Copenhagen: March
2013); and from World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), World
Wind Energy Report 2012 (Brussels: May 2013); EU-27, Spain,
Italy, and Russia from European Wind Energy Association, Wind in
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