RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY
1 International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2012
(Paris: 2012).
2 Baker Institute, Poverty, Energy and Society (Houston, TX:
Energy Forum, Institute for Public Policy, Rice University,
2006); United Nations Environment Programme, “Sustainable
Energy for All” (Nairobi: 2006), at www.unep.org/climatechange/ClimateChangeConferences/COP18/Booklet/
SUSTAINABLEENERGYFORALL.aspx.
3 For example, the company Ecoinnovation manufactures
1 kW hydro turbines from washing machine motors; see
Ecoinnovation Web site, www.ecoinnovation.co.nz. Alliance for
Rural Electrification, Rural Electrification with Renewable Energy:
Technologies, Quality Standards and Business Models (Brussels:
June 2011).
4 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Energy
Access for the Poor, Energizing the Millennium Development Goals
(New York: October 2010).
5 Alliance for Rural Electrification, op. cit. note 3.
6 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable
Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series (Abu Dhabi: June 2012).
7 Innovative uses include the Solar Suitcase developed by We Care
Solar; see Web site at http://wecaresolar.org/.
8 The 2.1 million systems were up from 280,000 installations
in 2002, from IRENA, International Off-Grid Renewable
Energy Conference: Key Findings and Recommendations
(Abu Dhabi: forthcoming 2013); Justin Guay, “Small
Is Big: Bangladesh Installs One Million Solar Home
Systems,” Climate Progress.org, 18 December 2012, at
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/18/1353791/
small-is-big-bangladesh-installs-one-million-solar-home-systems.
9 Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA),
“Renewable Energy Helps Rural Development,” 31 August 2012,
at www.sida.se/English/Countries-and-regions/Africa/Tanzania/
Programmes-and-projects1/Renewable-energy-helps-ruraldevelopment/;
Oteng-Adjei, “Remote Off-grid Communities to
Benefit from Solar Lantern,” BusinessGhana.com, 7 September
2012. Sidebar 8 from African Solar Designs and MARGE, Mini-Grid
Policy Toolkit (Brussels and Paris: Energy Initiative Partnership
Dialogue Facility (EUEI PDF), Renewable Energy Network for the
21st Century (REN21), and the Alliance for Rural Electrification,
2013).
10 World Wind Energy Association, communication with REN21,
March 2013.
11 Electricity generation from Mike Long et al., “Geothermal Power
Production: Steam for Free,” POWER Engineers, 2012, at https://
www.powereng.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Power-Gen-
Geothermal.pdf. A geothermal plant being developed in the
Caribbean island of Dominica (population 70,000) is nearing
completion with the expectation of exporting surplus power to
other islands some 20 kilometres away, per Global Sustainable
Energy Islands Initiative, “Dominica,” at http://gseii.org/islands/
dominica.html.
12 Alliance for Rural Electrification, Hybrid Mini-grids for Rural
Electrification: Lessons Learned (Brussels: March 2011).
13 See, for example, Bärbel Epp, “Solar Thermal Scales New Heights
in China,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 27 June 2012.
14 There are an estimated 155 million households and commercial
farms where sufficient animal manure can be collected on a daily
basis, per Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, “The Solutions,”
www.cleancookstoves.org/our-work/the-solutions/cookstove-fuels.html,
viewed 1 March 2013.
15 Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, Washington, D.C, communication
with REN21, December 2012; Bridge to India Pvt.
Ltd., Delhi, communication with REN21, December 2012; The
Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Delhi, communication with
REN21, December 2012; Freshta Mayar, “Biomass Gasification –
A simple energy solution for rural Cambodia,” Youth Leader, www.
asia.youth-leader.org/?p=4925.
16 CleanStar Ventures (United States) linked with Novozymes
(Denmark) to create CleanStar Mozambique, which
operates the facility, per Marc Gunther, “CleanStar
Mozambique: Food, Fuel and Forests at the Bottom of
the Pyramid,” 27 May 2012, at www.marcgunther.com/
cleanstar-mozambique-food-fuel-and-forests-at-the-bottom-ofthe-pyramid.
See also Jen Boynton, “Africa’s First Sustainability
Biofuel Plant Opens in Mozambique,” Triplepundit.com, 17 May
2012.
17 C. Mitchell et al., “Policy, Financing and Implementation,” Chapter
11 in O. Edenhofer et al., eds., IPCC Special Report on Renewable
Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (Cambridge, U.K.
and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Teresa
Malyshev, Looking Ahead: Energy, Climate Change and Pro-poor
Responses (Paris: IEA, 2009).
18 EnDev, “Countries,” http://endev.info/content/Map:EnDev_
Countries, viewed 2012.
19 REN21, Renewables 2012 Global Status Report (Paris: 2012),
pp. 125–126 and personal communications with regional report
contributors.
20 David Vilar, ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy
Efficiency (ECREEE), personal communication with REN21,
January 2013.
21 Ibid.
22 Ernesto Macias, President, Alliance of Rural Electrification,
Brussels, personal communication with REN21. Information
based on the presentation by ECOWAS, IRENA, and ARE at the
International Off-grid Renewable Energy Conference (IOREC),
Accra, Ghana, 1–2 November 2012.
23 World Bank and Infrastructure Development Company Limited,
“IDCOL Solar Energy Project,” www.idcol.org/energyProject.php.
24 K. Riahi et al., Chapter 17 in GEA, Global Energy Assessment:
Toward a Sustainable Future (Cambridge University Press and
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2012), pp.
1203–1306.
25 In Mali, the rural energy agency has spearheaded the development
of renewable energy projects. Mali’s energy service
company, Yeelen Kura, piloted a 72 kW solar PV plant connected
to an eight-kilometre distribution network, the first of its type and
scale in West Africa. The PV mini-grid has been operational since
2006, providing electricity to 500 households, community institutions,
and microenterprises. Under a fee-for-service business
model, Yeelen Kura is responsible for delivering energy services,
installation, maintenance, and general customer support, per
ECREEE, Baseline Report for the ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy
(Praia, Cape Verde: October 2012).
26 Francisca M. Antman, “The Impact of Migration on Family
Left Behind” (Boulder, CO: University of Colorado at Boulder
Department of Economics, 2010).
27 Koffi Ekouevi and Reto Thoenen, “Top Down Concessions for
Private Operators in Mali and Senegal,” PowerPoint presentation,
at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/
Resources/717305-1264695610003/6743444-
1268073476416/3.3.TopDown_concessions_private_operators_Senegal_N_Mali.pdf.
28 International Finance Corporation (IFC), “From Gap to
Opportunity: Business Models for Scaling Up Energy Access”
(Washington, DC: 2012).
29 Ernesto Macias, President, Alliance for Rural Electrification,
Brussels, personal communication with REN21, January 2013.
30 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
the Pacific (UNESCAP), Leveraging Pro-Poor Public-Private-
Partnerships (5Ps) for Rural Development - Widening access to
energy services for rural poor in Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok:
2012).
31 United Nations Development Programme, “Sustainable Energy,”
www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/focus_areas/sustainable-energy.html.
32 John Rogers et al., Innovations in Rural Energy Delivery (N.
Chelmsford, MA: Navigant Consulting and Soluz, 2006).
33 World Bank, Designing Sustainable Off-Grid Rural Electrification
Projects: Principles and Practices (Washington, DC: November
2008).
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 World Bank, “Solar Power Lights Up Future for
Mongolian Herders,” 20 September 2012, at www.
worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/09/20/
solar-power-lights-up-future-for-mongolian-herders.
37 IFC, op. cit. note 28.
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