RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

Hydropower
1 International Hydropower Association (IHA) estimates a global
hydropower capacity addition of 26–30 GW during 2012 and
cumulative capacity of 955 GW at the end of 2011, per IHA,
London, personal communication with REN21, February 2013.
The International Journal on Hydropower & Dams’ Hydropower &
Dams World Atlas 2012 (Wellington, Surrey, U.K.: 2012) estimates
installed hydropower capacity in 2011 at more than 975 GW,
including a limited number of pumped storage facilities. Hydro
Equipment Association (HEA) has documented a total of 35 GW
of capacity installations in 2012, per HEA, Brussels, personal
communication with REN21, April 2012. Based on these figures, a
best estimate of non-pumped storage hydro capacity at year-end
2012 would be about 990 GW.
2 Estimate is based on global capacity of 990 GW at the end of
2012, and a total of 515 GW for the top five countries including
the addition of 19.4 GW in 2012 for these five countries (China
at 15.51 GW, Brazil at 1.86 GW, United States estimated at
99 MW, Canada at 968 MW, and Russia at 999 MW). Figure 9
based on the following sources: China from China Electricity
Council, http://tj.cec.org.cn/fenxiyuce/yunxingfenxi/yuedufenxi/2013-01-18/96374.html,
viewed April 2013; State
Electricity Regulatory Commission, National Bureau of Statistics,
National Energy Administration, Energy Research Institute, and
China National Renewable Energy Center, “China Renewables
Utilization Data 2012,” March 2013, at www.cnrec.org.cn/english/
publication/2013-03-02-371.html. Total installed capacity is
listed as 248.9 GW, of which 20.31 GW is pumped storage, yielding
net hydro capacity of 228.6 GW. For Brazil, an estimated 1,857
MW was added in 2012, per Brazil National Agency for Electrical
Energy (ANEEL), “Fiscalização dos serviços de geração,” at www.
aneel.gov.br/area.cfm?idArea=37. Total installed large hydropower
capacity at the end of 2012 was 79.7 GW and small hydro
capacity was 4.3 GW, per ANEEL, “Capacidade de geração em
2012 chega a 121,1 mil Megawatts,” press release (Brasilia: 18
February 2013). U.S. total capacity at the end of 2011 was 78,194
MW with 99 MW of anticipated capacity additions for 2012, per
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power
Annual (Washington, DC: January 2013), Tables 4.3 and 4.5.
Canada capacity additions in 2011 of 1.34 GW from Marie-Anne
Sauvé, Hydro-Québec, and from Domenic Marinelli, Manitoba
Hydro, personal communications via IHA, April 2012; additions
of 968 MW for 2012 from Canadian Broadcasting Corporation,
“Wuskwatim Power Station Officially Opens,” 5 July 2012, at www.
cbc.ca, and from Hydro-Québec, Annual Report 2012 (Montreal:
2012), p. 6; existing capacity in 2010 of 75.08 GW from Statistics
Canada, “Installed generating capacity, by class of electricity
producer,” Table 127-0009, at http://www5.statcan.gc.ca. Russia
from: RusHydro, “RusHydro Launches New Hydropower Unit at
the Boguchanskaya Hydropower Plant,” press release (Moscow:
22 January 2013); System Operator of the Unified Energy System
of Russia, “Boguchan plant produced its first billion kilowatt-hours
of electricity” [translated from Russian], 21 March 2013, at
www.so-ups.ru/index; capacity of 46 GW on 1 January 2013
from System Operator of the Unified Energy System of Russia,
“Operational Data for December 2012,” www.so-ups.ru/fileadmin/
files/company/reports/ups-review/2013/ups_review_jan13.pdf.
3 U.S. generation from EIA, Electric Power Monthly (Washington,
DC: March 2013), Table 1.1. Canada generation from Statistics
Canada, ”Electric Power Generation, by class of electricity
producer,” Table 127-0002, at http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim.
4 Global estimate for 2012 based on the following sources: preliminary
estimates from International Energy Agency (IEA), Medium-
Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2013 (Paris: OECD/IEA,
forthcoming 2013); IHA, op. cit. note 1; 2011 global hydropower
generation from BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2012
(London: 2012) (expressed in terms of average thermal equivalence
assuming a 38% conversion efficiency in a thermal power
plant at 791.5 Mtoe, which translates to 3,498 TWh). This value,
escalated at the average annual change (6.8%) of aggregate
hydropower output from 2011 to 2012 for seven top producers
(China, Brazil, Canada, United States, Russia, Norway, EU, and
India), would suggest a global estimated value of 3,736 TWh for
2012. Country generation data from the following sources: China
Electricity Council, op. cit. note 2; National Electrical System
Operator of Brazil (ONS), “Geração de Energia,” www.ons.org.
br/historico/geracao_energia.aspx; Statistics Canada, Table
127-0002, op. cit. note 3; EIA, op. cit. note 3; System Operator of
the Unified Energy System of Russia, monthly operational data,
www.so-ups.ru/index.php?id=tech_disc; European Commission,
Eurostat, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu; Statistics Norway,
www.ssb.no; Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central
Electricity Authority, “Monthly Generation Report,” www.cea.
nic.in/monthly_gen.html (includes only generation from facilities
larger than 25 MW).
5 Figure 10 based on the following sources: China capacity of 15.51
GW from China Electricity Council, op. cit. note 2; Turkey from
“Hydropower Licenses Reign in 2011,” Hurriet Daily News, 24
October 2012, at www.hurriyetdailynews.com; year-end capacity
in 2011 of 18.98 GW from Turkish Energy Market Regulatory
Authority (EPDK), Turkish Electricity Ten-Year Capacity Projection
(2012-2021) (Ankara: July 2012), Table 2, at www.epdk.org.tr;
2012 capacity addition of 2,031 MW from HEA, Brussels, personal
communication with REN21, May 2013; for Brazil, an estimated
1,857 MW was added in 2012, per ANEEL, “Fiscalização dos
serviços de geraçãoat,” op. cit. note 2; total installed large hydro
capacity at end-2012 was 79.7 GW, and small hydro capacity was
4.3 GW, per ANEEL, “Capacidade de geração em 2012 chega
a 121,1 mil Megawatts,” op. cit. note 2; for Vietnam, 1,852 MW
of new hydropower capacity was commissioned in 2012, with
year-end capacity of 12,951 MW, per National Electricity Center
of Vietnam, “Báo cáo tông kêt năm 2012,” www.nldc.evn.vn/
News/7/661/Bao-cao-tong-ket-nam-2012.aspx, updated 19
February 2013; 2011 year-end capacity was merely 10,182 MW, or
2,769 MW less than 2012 year-end capacity, per idem, “Báo cáo
năm 2011,” www.nldc.evn.vn/News/7/371/Bao-cao-nam-2011.
aspx, updated 21 February 2012; Russia from RusHydro, op. cit.
note 2, and from System Operator of the Unified Energy System
of Russia, “Boguchan plant produced…,” op. cit. note 2; capacity
of 46 GW on 1 January 2013 from System Operator of the Unified
Energy System of Russia, “Operational Data for December 2012,”
op. cit. note 2.
6 China Electricity Council, op. cit. note 2. Total installed capacity
is listed as 248.9 GW, of which 20.31 GW is pumped storage,
yielding net hydro capacity of 228.6 GW.
7 China Electricity Council, op. cit. note 2. The increase of 864.1
TWh was reportedly 29.3% higher than the previous year.
8 Alstom, “Alstom successfully delivers the first unit of the
Xiangjiaba hydropower plant,” press release (Levallois-Perret
Cedex, France: 11 June 2012).
9 “China Reports first big unit installed at 6,400-MW Xiangjiaba,”
HydroWorld.com, 16 July 2012.
10 “China’s Three Gorges hydroelectric project sets new production
record,” HydroWorld.com, 10 January 2013. Some 1.4 million
people were relocated during dam construction; since the
reservoir reached its full height in 2010, the threat of landslides
has increased and raised the prospect that tens of thousands of
people may need to be moved again, from “China’s Three Gorges
Dam Reaches Operating Peak,” BBC News, 5 July 2012, and
from Sui-Lee Wee, “Thousands Being Moved from China’s Three
Gorges – Again,” Reuters, 23 August 2012.
11 Government of China, “IV. Vigorously Developing New and
Renewable Energy,” in China’s Energy Policy 2012 (Beijing: 2012),
at www.gov.cn/english/official/2012-10/24/content_2250497_5.
htm. China’s Energy Policy 2012 says: “On the condition that the
ecological environment is protected and resettlements of local
people affected are properly handled, China will energetically
develop hydropower. By integrating hydropower development with
promotion of local employment and economic development, the
Chinese government aims to ‘develop local resources, stimulate
local economic development, improve the local environment and
benefit local people.’ The country strives to improve its resettlement
policies regarding local people affected by hydropower
projects, and perfect the benefit-sharing mechanism. China
will strengthen ecological-protection and environmental-impact
assessment, strictly implement measures to protect the
environment of existing hydropower stations, and improve the
comprehensive utilization level and eco-environmental benefits of
water resources. In accordance with rational river basin planning
for hydropower development, China will speed up the construction
of large hydropower stations on key rivers, develop medium- and
small-sized hydropower stations based on local conditions, and
construct pumped-storage power stations in appropriate circumstances.
The country’s installed hydropower generating capacity
is expected to reach 290 million kW by 2015.” Sidebar 3 from the
following sources: 2,000 years from U.S. Department of Energy,
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, “History of
Hydropower,” http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/hydro_history.
html, updated 19 September 2011; specific applications from A.
Kumar et al., “Hydropower,” Chapter 5 in O. Edenhofer et al., eds.,
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