RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

ENDNOTES 01 GlObal MaRkET aNd INduSTRy OvERvIEw
36 Share of consumption from BMU, op. cit. note 24; power generation
from lignite still exceeds that from renewable sources, all
from “Bruttostromerzeugung in Deutschland von 1990 bis 2012
nach Energieträgern,” 14 February 2013, at www.unendlich-vielenergie.de/uploads/media/AEE_Strommix_Deutschland_2012_
mrz13.jpg.
37 BMU, op. cit. note 24.
38 Ibid.
39 Spain based on data and sources in Endnote 25 in this section.
Note that REE put the total at 29.6 GW (22,362 MW of wind; 4,410
MW of PV; 1,878 MW of CSP; 943 MW of bio-power), per REE, The
Spanish Electricity System...,” op. cit. note 25.
40 Wind accounted for more than 18% of total demand and solar
for more than 4%, from Red Eléctrica Corporación, Corporate
Responsibility Report 2012 (Madrid: 2013), p. 60.
41 Italy based on data and sources in Endnote 25 in this section.
42 GSE, “Impianti a fonti rinnovabili in Italia...,” op. cit. note 25.
43 Additions of small-scale hydropower and bio-power from MNRE,
“Achievements,” op. cit. note 25, and from MNRE, Annual
Report 2012–2013, op. cit. note 25; large-scale hydropower
from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity
Authority, www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/inst_capacity/jan13.
pdf, viewed 11 April 2013; wind power from GWEC, op. cit. note 5;
solar PV from EPIA, op. cit. note 24, and from IEA-PVPS, op. cit.
note 24.
44 Based on 213 GW of total installed capacity from Sourabh Sen,
“Assessing Risk and Cost in India: Solar’s Trajectory Compared to
Coal,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 17 April 2013, and 211 GW of
total capacity as of 31 December 2012 (but with MNRE data as of
31 October 2013) from Indian Ministry of Power, Central Electricity
Authority, “Highlights of Power Sector,” www.cea.nic.in/reports/
monthly/executive_rep/dec12/1-2.pdf; and on all renewables total
of about 66.4 GW and non-hydro renewables total of almost 24 GW
from sources in endnote earlier in this section.
45 See Endnotes 24 and 25 in this section for data and sources for
Brazil, China, India, Russia, and South Africa.
46 Based on 636 MW of wind capacity under construction from
GWEC, op. cit. note 5, p. 54, and 150 MW of CSP capacity under
construction from “Abengoa Kicks Off South Africa’s First CSP
Plants Construction,” CSP-World.com, 6 November 2012.
47 EWEA, op. cit. note 25, pp. 6–7. In 2012, 44,601 MW of electric
capacity was added; of this total, 30,968 MW was renewable.
Natural gas accounted for 23% of added capacity, coal for 7%,
CSP for 2%, hydro 1%, and other technologies smaller shares,
from ibid.
48 All renewables represented 33.9% (up from 22.5% in 2000) and
non-hydro renewables 20.3% of the EU’s total installed electric
capacity, from EWEA, op. cit. note 25.
49 Shares of electricity and final energy from EurObserv’ER, op. cit.
note 25, pp. 102–03.
50 A study commissioned by Vestas on the largest users of renewable
power found that Japan’s OJI Paper is the largest corporate
user, followed by German building materials company Sto and
the Finnish pulp and paper company UPM-Kymmene. Of the 389
companies in the index, 36 sourced 100% of their power from
renewables, including Adobe Systems, Kohl’s, and Whole Foods
Market. In the Carbon Renewable Energy Index, prepared by
BNEF, from BNEF, “Japan to Disengage from Nuclear to Embrace
Renewable Energy,” Energy: Week in Review, vol. VI, iss. 151,
11–17 September 2012.
51 Joß Florian Bracker, Öko-Institut, Freiburg, personal
communication with REN21, 3 May 2013.
52 Ibid.
53 The EPA’s Green Power Partnership, which works with more than
1,400 U.S. organisations to facilitate green power purchasing,
saw sales grow 22%, from Jenny Heeter, Philip Armstrong, and
Lori Bird, Market Brief: Status of the Voluntary Renewable Energy
Certificate Market (2011 Data) (Golden, CO: NREL, September
2012); the Center for Resource Solutions’ Green-e Energy certification
programme, the leading certifier of green power, saw sales
increase 21%, from Center for Resource Solutions, 2011 Green-e
Verification Report (San Francisco, CA: January 2013).
54 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Green Power
Partnership, “National Top 50 Partner List,” as of 9 January 2013,
at www.epa.gov; 17 partners from EPA, “National Top 50,” www.
epa.gov/greenpower/toplists/top50.htm, 9 January 2013.
55 REN21, op. cit. note 14; Australia from “GreenPower,” viewed
1 May 2013, at www.greenpower.gov.au; South Africa from
“How to Buy Green Electricity Certificate (GECs),” www.
capetown.gov.za/en/electricity/GreenElectricity/Pages/
Howtopurchasegreenelectricitycertificates.aspx, viewed 15
February 2013; Japan from United Nations Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), “Low Carbon Green
Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific. Case Study: Stimulating
Consumer Interest in Businesses that Go Green—Japan’s Green
Power Certificate Scheme,” 2012, at www.unescap.org.
56 Vince Font, “WindMade Label to Expand to Other Renewables,”
RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 4 December 2012.
57 WindMade, “Consumer Demand for Climate Solutions Leads to
Expansion of WindMade Label,” press release (Doha, Qatar: 4
December 2012).
58 EKOenergy Web site, www.ekoenergy.org.
59 Industrial and commercial based on Julie Johnsson and Naureen
S. Malik, “Nuclear Industry Withers in U.S. as Wind Pummels
Prices,” Bloomberg.com, 11 March 2013; “Apple Owns Biggest
Private Solar Power System in US,” FoxNews.com, 22 March
2013; Rahul Sachitanand, “Big business groups to push renewable
energy space by raising capacity,” Economic Times (India), 13
February 2013; “Huge Solar Array Installed on Minnesota Store,”
RenewableEnergyFocus.com, 11 September 2012; Stefan Nicola,
“BMW Taps Wind to Guard Profits in Merkel’s Nuclear Switch,”
RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 19 February 2013; General Motors,
“General Motors Joins Solar Energy Industries Association,” 6
February 2013, at www.gm.com; “IKEA Biggest Solar Owner in
Texas,” Thin Film Intelligence Brief, 12–25 September 2011,
at http://news.pv-insider.com; Carl Levesque, “Apple, Walmart
Highlight Big-name Corporations’ Move to Renewables,”
Wind Energy Weekly (AWEA), 29 March 2013. Community and
cooperative based on “Co-operative energy benefits highlighted,”
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Magazine, 2 November 2012,
at www.racplus.com; on Joseph Wiedman and Laurel Varnado,
“Regulatory Efforts,” Chapter 1 in 2012 Updates and Trends Report
(Latham, NY: Interstate Renewable Energy Council, September
2012); as of August 2012, U.S. community solar programmes had
a combined capacity of nearly 10.4 MW, from Heeter, Armstrong,
and Bird, op. cit. note 53; and more than 80,000 people in
Germany hold share in collectively run electricity and heat systems;
in Denmark, more than 100 wind energy cooperatives have
combined ownership of three-fourths of Denmark’s turbines, from
Anna Leidreiter, “The Last Word: Local Development Through
Community-led Renewable Energy,” Renewable Energy World,
March–April 2013, pp. 54–55.
60 Peter Terium, CEO of RWE, cited in “Analysis: Renewables Turn
Utilities into Dinosaurs of the Energy World,” Reuters, 8 March
2013. This is a growing issue particularly in Germany, Spain,
and Italy, but even in France and the United Kingdom, per idem.
Decentralised production by corporations and municipalities is
taking over market share from utilities, per UBS, The Unsubsidised
Solar Revolution (Zurich, Switzerland: UBS Investment Research,
European Utilities,15 January 2013).
61 IEA-Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (IEA-RETD),
Renewables for Heating and Cooling – Untapped Potential (Paris:
OECD/Paris, 2007).
62 See, for example, Sino-German Project for Optimization of
Biomass Utilization, “China Biogas Sector,” at www.biogas-china.
org, and Bioenergy section in Market and Industry Trends by
Technology.
63 There are currently 56 countries tracked in Weiss and Mauthner,
op. cit. note 1.
64 Solar heaters cost an estimated 3.5 times less than electric water
heaters and 2.6 less than gas heaters over the system lifetime,
according to Chinese Solar Thermal Industry Federation, cited
in Bärbel Epp, “Solar Thermal Competition Heats Up in China,”
RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 10 September 2012.
65 Lund, Freeston, and Boyd, op. cit. note 1; updates from Lund, op.
cit. note 1.
66 Ibid.
67 Germany from BMU, op. cit. note 24; Danish Ministry of Climate,
Energy and Building, “Danish Energy Agreement,” 22 March
2012, at www.kemin.dk. While renewable heat output in Germany
was considerably higher in 2012, the share was unchanged from
2011 due to a weather-driven increase in total heat consumption,
from BMU, “Further Growth in Renewable Energy in 2012,”
updated 28 February 2013, at www.erneuerbare-energien.de.
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