RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BY TECHNOLOGY – Geothermal Heat AND POWER
Energy Agency (IEA) puts geothermal generation at 71 TWh in
2011, IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2012
(Paris: 2012), p. 144 and Table 80.
14 The global capacity estimate of 11.65 GW is based on a global
inventory of geothermal power plants, per GEA, op. cit. note 13.
Estimated global capacity additions in 2012 were 300 MW as
noted in this section.
15 Global inventory of geothermal power plants, per GEA, op. cit.
note 13, including new installations in 2012 as noted in this
section.
16 GEA, “Geothermal Industry Ends 2012 on a High Note,” press
release (Washington, DC: 18 December 2012); GEA, 2013 Annual
US Geothermal Power Production and Development Report
(Washington, DC: April 2013). The GEA revised the total installed
capacity for 2011 by 128 MW from 3,111 MW to 3,239 MW for a
total of 3,386 by early 2013.
17 The project was commissioned by Enel Green Power. GEA,
“Geothermal Industry Ends 2012...,” op. cit. note 16.
18 “POWER Magazine Announces Renewable Top Plant Award
Winners,” PRNewswire.com, 3 December 2012.
19 GEA, “U.S. Geothermal Sees Continued Steady Growth in 2012,”
press release (Washington, DC: 26 February 2013).
20 Sumitomo Corporation, “Completion of construction of the
Ulubelu geothermal power station for Indonesia’s state-owned
power company, PT. PLN (Persero),” press release (Tokyo: 7
November 2012).
21 Support includes USD 300 million in financing from the World
Bank and a USD 6.95 million technical assistance grant from
the government of New Zealand, per World Bank, “Pertamina
Geothermal Energy (PGE) prepares a globally unprecedented
expansion of geothermal renewable energy with assistance from
the World Bank and Government of New Zealand,” press release
(Washington, DC: 18 June 2012); other financial backing is
expected from the Asian Development Bank, per Anthony J. Jude,
Asian Development Bank, personal communication with REN21,
April 2013.
22 Tito Summa Siahaan, “Stalled Geothermal Projects in Indonesia to
Get Funding Injection,” Jakarta Globe, 20 March 2013.
23 AECOM New Zealand Limited, Geothermal Fund Report, prepared
for Asian Development Bank (Auckland: 21 October 2011). See
Reference Table R12 for more information on Indonesia's targets.
24 Wasti Atmodjo, “Bali to have adequate electricity supply:
Minister,” Jakarta Post, 4 September 2012.
25 PennEnergy, “Phase II expansion at San Jacinto-Tizate geothermal
project begins operation,” 2 January 2013, at www.pennenergy.
com.
26 Plant was completed by the Green Energy Group, from LX Richter,
“Geothermal Development Associates commissions Kenya wellhead
plant,” ThinkGeoenergy.com, 24 February 2012, and from
Green Energy Group, “Green Energy Group completed delivery
for installation in Kenya,” 19 June 2012, at http://geg.no/news/
green-energy-group-completed-delivery-installation-kenya.
27 Eric Ombok, “Kenya Geothermal Set to Replace Hydro with Major
Development Plans,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 16 November
2012.
28 “Ormat Technologies Commence Operation of 36 MW Geothermal
Power Plant in Kenya,” PRNewswire.com, 2 May 2013.
29 John Muchira, “KenGen pursuing PPP Plan in bid to exploit geothermal
activity,” Engineering News (South Africa), 23 November
2012, at www.engineeringnews.co.za.
30 Enel, “Enel Green Power: Start-up of Rancia 2, geothermal power
plant in Tuscany completely refurbished,” press release (Rome:
30 May 2012).
31 Enel, “Enel Green Power: Work begins on the ‘Bagnore 4’ geothermal
power plant in Tuscany,” press release (Rome: 18 March
2012). Exchange rates in this section are as of 31 December 2012.
32 Frank Kanyesigye, “Geothermal drilling starts next month,” The
New Times (Rwanda), 27 March 2013, at www.newtimes.co.rw.
33 World Bank, “World Bank Calls for Global Initiative to Scale Up
Geothermal Energy in Developing Countries,” press release
(Washington, DC: 6 March 2013). The Bank’s geothermal financing
has expanded in recent years and now represents almost 10%
of its total renewable energy lending.
34 Jens Drillisch, KfW Entwicklungsbank, Frankfurt am Main,
personal communication with REN21, April 2013.
35 Benjamin Matek, GEA, Washington, DC, personal communication
with REN21, April 2013.
36 LX Richter, “Local opposition to geothermal projects in national
parks in Japan,” ThinkGeoenergy.com, 16 August 2012.
37 LX Richter, “Japan sets feed in tariff for geothermal at $0.22 to
$.51 per kWh,” ThinkGeoenergy.com, 22 April 2012.
38 “El Salvador to add 689 MW of wind energy, solar power and
geothermal,” Evwind.es, 12 May 2012; U.S. Geothermal Inc., “U.S.
Geothermal Provides Corporate Update,” press release (Boise, ID:
20 April 2012); A. Ormad, “Approved 20 geothermal exploration
areas in Chile,” ThinkGeoenergy.com.
39 “Montserrat Says Progress Being Made on Geothermal Project,”
Caribbean Journal, 8 February 2013, at www.caribjournal.com.
40 Peter Richards, “Dominica Sees Geothermal as Key to Carbon-
Negative Economy,” Inter Press Service, 22 January 2013.
41 United States from, for example, Geo-Heat Center, “Geothermal
Direct Use Directory of Services and Equipment,” http://geoheat.
oit.edu/vendors.htm; Europe from EurObserv’ER, Ground-source
Heat Pump Barometer, No. 205 (Paris: September 2011).
42 EurObserv’ER, op. cit. note 41; for the United States, see list
of GeoExchange Heat Pump Manufacturers at GeoExchange,
“Geothermal Heat Pump Industry Web Resources,” www.
geoexchange.org, viewed 4 May 2013.
43 Ruggero Bertani, “Geothermal Power Generation in the World,
2005–2010 Update Report,” Geothermics, vol. 41 (2012), pp.
1–29.
44 REN21, Renewables 2012 Global Status Report (Paris: 2012), p.
41.
45 Supported by the Department of Energy, per GEA, op. cit. note 16;
Calpine Corporation, “NW Geysers Enhanced Geothermal System
Demonstration Project,” PowerPoint presentation, 2 November
2012, at www.geysers.com/media/11.02.2012 EGS_Community
Update Presentation.pdf.
46 AltaRock Energy Inc., “AltaRock Energy Announces Successful
Multiple-zone Stimulation of Well at the Newberry Enhanced
Geothermal Systems Demonstration,” press release (Seattle: 22
January 2013).
47 Ormat, “Success with Enhanced Geothermal Systems Changing
the Future of Geothermal Power in the U.S.: DOE, Ormat and
GeothermEx Collaboration Produces Electricity Using In-field
EGS,” press release (Reno, NV: 10 April 2013).
48 GEA, “2013 Annual...,” op. cit. note 16.
49 Geothermal brine from ibid. Legislation put forward in California
aimed to facilitate such mining by making it exempt from certain
state and federal regulations, per “California Bill Helps Pave Way
For Lithium Gold Rush,” Forbes, 6 July 2012.
50 Carbon Recycling International Web site, www.carbonrecycling.is.
51 Marc Favreau, “Geothermal Industry Continues to Struggle for
Acceptance,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 16 August 2011;
Meg Cichon, “Geothermal Heating Up in Nevada Despite Frigid
Industry Climate,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 18 January 2012.
52 For example, plant designs need to be flexible and capable of
accommodating a potentially large range of steam pressures
and mass flows, per “Geothermal Turning Up the Heat at Los
Humeros,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 16 February 2011.
53 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, Geothermal Risk Mitigation Strategies Report
(Washington, DC: Geothermal Program, 15 February 2008).
144