RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

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04 POLICY LANDSCAPE Figure 24. EU Renewable Shares of Final Energy, 2005 and 2011, with Targets for 2020 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 % Total (EU-27) 13% 20% Sweden Austria Latvia Finland Denmark Portugal Estonia Slovenia Romania France Lithuania Spain Greece Germany Italy Bulgaria Ireland Poland United Kingdom Hungary Netherlands Slovak Republic Czech Republic Belgium Cyprus Luxembourg Malta 25% 25% 24% 23% 23% 20.8% 20% 18% 17% 16 % 16 % 15% 15% 14.7% 14% 14% 13.5% 13% 13% 11% 10% 31% 50% 45% 40% 38% 35% Baseline 2005 (for reference) Existing in 2011 i Target for 2020 Source: See Endnote 9 for this section. i See Table R10 for share percentages existing in 2011. 66
announced its target to develop 1 GW of offshore wind capacity by 2020; the Russian Federation mandated the release of technology-specific targets to meet its 2020 renewable electricity target of 4.5%; and Scotland raised its near-term renewable electricity target from 31% to 50% by 2015. 11 In Asia, the Chinese 12th Five-Year Plan for Renewable Energy set 2015 targets for 9.5% of primary energy consumption to come from renewables and for a total of 280 GW th (400 million m 2 ) of solar heating capacity. 12 Under the Phase II plan for the National Solar Mission, India extended its expiring solar water heating target (4.9 GW th , or 7 million m 2 ) to 5.6 GW th (8 million m 2 ) of new capacity to be added between 2012 and 2017; and Japan announced a target to develop 1,500 MW of new wave and tidal capacity by 2030. 13 Kazakhstan seeks to develop 1.04 GW of renewable capacity by 2020. 14 The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region saw significant new developments in 2012 as the Egyptian Solar Plan, approved in July 2012, set a target for 2,800 MW of concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) and 700 MW of solar PV by 2027; Jordan adopted a target for 1,000 MW of renewable capacity by 2018; and Libya set targets for the share of renewable energy in the national generation mix at 3% by 2015, 7% by 2020, and 10% by 2025. 15 Elsewhere in Africa, Djibouti, which had no renewable power capacity as of 2009, has committed to a goal of 100% renewables by 2020; and the Kingdom of Lesotho set a target of 260 MW of renewable power capacity by 2030. 16 Several countries and one Canadian province strengthened existing targets in 2012. (See Reference Tables R10–R12 in this report and Reference Tables R9–R11 in GSR 2012.) In addition to setting new targets, China increased existing targets, Sidebar 6. Current Status of Global Energy Subsidies According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), worldwide subsidies i for fossil fuel consumption amounted to an estimated USD 523 billion in 2011, an increase of 27% over 2010—reflecting rising energy prices and increased consumption of subsidised fuels. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that on a “post-tax basis,” which also factors in the negative externalities from energy consumption, total subsidies ii for petroleum products, electricity, natural gas, and coal are much higher, at USD 1.9 trillion (2.5% of global GDP or 8% of total government revenues). Dr. Fatih Birol, the chief economist at the IEA, has called fossil fuel subsidies “public enemy number one to sustainable energy development.” Subsidies and financial support for renewable energy (excluding large hydropower) in 2011 totalled USD 88 billion, up 24% over 2010 but still only around one-sixth of fossil fuel subsidies. About 73% went to the electricity sector (mostly to support solar PV), and most of the rest went to biofuels, with very little used to support renewable heating or cooling. The European Union accounted for nearly 57% of these subsidies, and the United States for 24%. Well-designed subsidies for renewable energy can result in long-term economic and environmental benefits, including improved health, employment opportunities, and energy access and security. Conversely, the costs of subsidies directed at fossil fuels generally outweigh the benefits. Fossil fuel subsidies in energy-importing countries usually impose a heavy burden on national budgets, and in fossil fuel-exporting countries they can accelerate the depletion of resources due to wasteful consumption, thereby reducing future export earnings over the long term. In 2009, leaders of the G20 countries pledged to end fossil fuel subsidies, committing to “rationalize and phase out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption.” They acknowledged that fossil fuel subsidies distort markets, hamper investment in clean energy sources, and undermine efforts to mitigate the climate crisis. This step led to the establishment of a broader international coalition that includes Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries as well as many additional countries in which high energy prices have made subsidies financially unsustainable. At the G20 Finance Ministers Meeting in February <strong>2013</strong>, leaders again committed to report on progress to rationalise and phase out fossil fuel subsidies, and to provide targeted support for the poorest people. Very little other international action has followed, with the exception of two reports on the scope of energy subsidies and suggestions for the implementation of their phaseout, published jointly by the IEA, OPEC, OECD, and World Bank. In addition, the IMF published a report in early <strong>2013</strong> urging policymakers to reform subsidies for fossil fuel products, arguing that this could translate into major gains for both economic growth and the environment. The practical effect on a global basis has been minimal to date due to the lack of a timeline and an organisation to monitor and aid countries wanting to implement their commitments. A small number of countries have taken steps towards energy subsidy reform, and others—including fossil fuel-exporting non-OECD countries like Iran, Indonesia, Nigeria, and the Sudan—have begun to reduce subsidies. Further, since the G20 meeting in 2009, an increasing number of civil society observers has begun to track the issue of fossil fuel subsidies. At the same time, however, several OECD countries have begun to reduce subsidies for renewable energy sources, due largely to individual domestic political and economic circumstances, lower technology prices, and a lack of long-term policy guidance for renewables. Source: See Endnote 2 for this section. 04 i The IEA defines subsidies as government measures that artificially reduce production costs or the price that consumers pay for energy, per IEA, “How Big Are Energy Subsidies and Which Fuels Benefit?” WEO 2011 Factsheet (Paris: 2011). ii The IMF defines consumer subsidies as the difference between a benchmark price and the price paid by energy consumers (including both households for final consumption and enterprises for intermediate consumption) and producer subsidies as the difference between a benchmark price and prices received by the supplier; the benchmark price for internationally traded energy products is the international price adjusted for distribution and transportation costs. The IMF estimate does not include all producer subsidies due to lack of data. 67
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RenewableS 2013 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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FOREWORD Access to modern energy en
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TABLES TABLE 1 Estimated Direct and
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REN21 Flagship Products and Activit
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■■Lead Regional and Country Res
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■■Reviewers and other Contribut
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewable energy
Page 15 and 16: In response to rapidly changing mar
Page 17 and 18: TOP FIVE COUNTRIES ANNUAL INVESTMEN
Page 19 and 20: 01 GLOBAL MARKET AND INDUSTRY OVERV
Page 21 and 22: ■■Power Sector Total renewable
Page 23 and 24: Sidebar 1. The REN21 Renewables Glo
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Page 27 and 28: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BY TE
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Page 31 and 32: data. About 230 co-firing plants we
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Page 37 and 38: Sidebar 3. Sustainability Spotlight
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Page 43 and 44: plant that started operating in 201
Page 45 and 46: Figure 14. Concentrating Solar Ther
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Page 49 and 50: Wind Power ■■Wind Power Markets
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Page 53 and 54: Sidebar 4. Jobs in Renewable Energy
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2. Status of Renewable Energy
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TABLE R14. CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF COU
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TABLE R16. CITY AND LOCAL RENEWABLE
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TABLE R16. CITY AND LOCAL RENEWABLE
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TABLE R17. ELECTRICITY ACCESS BY RE
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TABLE R18. POPULATION RELYING ON TR
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Council i , have shifted to trackin
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solar beam that heats a working flu
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Renewable portfolio standard (RPS)
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BIPV BNEF BOS
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- Solar, 4 March 2013; MERCOM Capit
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from MNRE, “Achievements,” op.
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68 Dong Energy, “Green Heat to th
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are preliminary and are based on P.
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made, this has not yet become evide
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Hydropower 1 International Hydropow
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47 IMPSA, “Corporate Presentation
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op. cit. note 1, p. 13. Below expec
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66 Based on production capacity of
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7 Technology dominates from Proterm
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4 Ibid., p. 2. 5 Franz Mauthner, AE
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48 Daniel Rowe, Commonwealth Scient
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of 1,905 MW; and Poland added 880 M
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Global Wind Turbine OEM Market Lead
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capacity factors range from around
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Policy Landscape 1 This section is
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Launches Massive Renewable Program
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on Dec. 1,” biofuelsdigest.com, 2
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RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY 1 Internatio
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Feature: SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION 1 Se
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Power: 2012 European Statistics (Br
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