RenewableS 2013 GlObal STaTUS RePORT - REN21

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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BY TECHNOLOGY – Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling 29 Argentina from Eva Augsten, “Argentina: Solar Water Heaters for Rural Schools,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 29 October 2011, and from Eva Augsten, “Argentina: ASADES’ Network for Solar Energy,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 6 April 2012; Mexico, Chile, and Uruguay from DENA (German Energy Agency), cited in “Overview of Solar Power and Heat Markets,” RenewablesInternational.net, 1 October 2013. In Chile, more than 10,000 m 2 were installed within two years, more than doubling cumulative capacity, in response to tax rebates, from Asociacion Chilena de Energia Solar (ACESOL), Christian Antunovic, “Columna de Presidente de ACESOL Publicada en le Tercera,” 10 January 2012, at www.acesol.cl/ noticias/columna-de-presidente-de-acesol-publicada-en-la-tercera (using Google Translate). Chile added about 11 MW th (15,869 m 2 ) in 2012, for a total of 17.3 MW th (24,685 m 2 ) installed during 2010–12, from Ministry of Energy of Chile, Estudio de Mercado de la Industria Solar Térmica en Chile y Propuesta Metodológica para su Actualización Permanente (Santiago: September 2012), p. 10. 30 The United States had 13,987 MW th of unglazed water collectors in operation in 2011, from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 31 The United States added 138.1 MW th of glazed water collectors in 2011 compared with 157.8 MW th in 2010. Data for 2011 from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1; data for 2010 from Werner Weiss and Franz Mauthner, Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2010, edition 2012 (Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, 2012). The United States ranked 10th worldwide in 2009 for total capacity of glazed water collectors, 12th in 2010, and 13th in 2011, from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1 and past editions of the same report. 32 “California Solar Statistics” (www.californiasolarstatistics.ca.gov), cited in Bärbel Epp, “USA: More Incentives and Marketing in California,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 21 August 2012. 33 “Small-scale Renewables: Big Problem, Small Solution,” in REW Guide to North American Renewable Energy Companies 2013, special supplement in Renewable Energy World, March–April 2013, pp. 18–24. 34 Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. Egypt has a small market, with most systems installed on new buildings of the upper-middle class and hotels near the Red Sea, and the latest data show Egypt adding about 8,000 m 2 /year, from Ahmed El Sherif, Egyptian Solar Energy Development Association (SEDA), cited in Eva Augsten, “Egypt: Solar Water Heaters to Help Cut Down Energy Subsidies,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 11 October 2012; and 42,046 high-pressure SWH systems were installed in South Africa from June 2008 to 29 November 2012, with 13,548 systems installed in the first 11 months of 2012; South Africa also had about 200,000–300,000 low-pressure SWHs, based on number of claims processed by Deliotte for Eskom, provided by Mike Mulcahy, Green Cape, South Africa, personal communication with REN21, 27 March 2013. 35 Based on increase from 7,000 m 2 to 92,000 m 2 , from Eva Augsten, “Egypt: Solar Water Heaters to Help Cut Down Energy Subsidies,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 11 October 2012. 36 Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon rankings from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1; 13% penetration and market drivers from Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation, Central Bank of Lebanon, and Ministry of Energy and Water, cited in Pierre El Khoury, “Solar Water Heaters in Lebanon: An Emerging $100 Million Market,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 11 January 2013; Lebanese Republic, Ministry of Energy and Water, United Nations Development Programme, and Global Environment Facility, “The Residential Solar Water Heaters Market in Lebanon in 2011” (Beirut: September 2012). 37 Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. Also among the top 10 were Turkey, Germany, Australia, China, and Jordan. Rankings were slightly different considering capacity for glazed and unglazed capacity combined: Cyprus remained in first place, followed by Austria, Israel, Barbados, and Greece. For unglazed systems, Australia ranked first for per capita capacity in 2011, followed by Austria, the United States, the Czech Republic, and Switzerland. 38 Ibid. Considering newly installed capacity for all water collectors (glazed and unglazed), Israel ranked first, followed by Australia, China, Austria, and Cyprus. 39 Ibid.; Uli Jakob, Solem Consulting/ Green Chiller, personal communication with REN21, April 2013. For example, combi-systems, which provide both domestic hot water and space heating, accounted for more than 40% of the market in Germany and Austria as of 2011, per Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 40 This is particularly true in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, where policies and high electricity prices create favourable conditions, per “Solar + Heat Pump Systems,” Solar Update (IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme), January 2013. 41 Market share from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1, p. 3; established markets from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 31. 42 Other heat sources from Jan-Olof Dalenbäck and Sven Werner, CIT Energy Management AB, Market for Solar District Heating, supported by Intelligent Energy Europe (Gothenburg, Sweden: September 2011, revised July 2012); cost-competitive from Rachana Raizada, “Renewables and District Heating: Eastern Europe Keeps It Warm,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 13 September 2013. In Denmark, solar district heat systems cost about USD 0.05/kWh (EUR 0.04/kWh) without subsidies as of 2010, and not much more in Austria, from Jan-Olof Dalenbäck, CIT Energy Management AB, Success Factors in Solar District Heating, prepared for Intelligent Energy Europe (Gothenburg, Sweden: December 2010); and started at USD 0.04/kWh (EUR 0.03/kWh) in Denmark in early 2013, from Andreas Häberle, PSE AG, Freiburg, personal communication with REN21, 25 April 2013. 43 Systems across Europe from Solar District Heating, SDHtakeoff—Solar District Heating in Europe, Global Dissemination Report, edited by Solites, Steinbeis Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Thermal Energy Systems, supported by Intelligent Energy Europe (Stuttgart, Germany: 2012), p. 2; France from Eva Augsten, “France: Solar District Heating with Energy Costs Around 0.06 EUR/kWh,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 4 December 2012; Austrian Climate and Energy Fund, cited in Bärbel Epp, “Austria: More and Less Successful Subsidy Schemes,” SolarThermalWorld. org, 18 January 2013; “Eibiswald District Heating Doubles its Roof-top Solar Thermal Plant to 2,450 m2,” SDH Solar District Heating/Intelligent Energy Europe, Newsletter February 2013 (6 February 2013), at www.solar-district-heating.eu; Solid, “5 Million Square Meters of Solar Thermal Collectors in Austria Installed,” SDH Solar District Heating/ Intelligent Energy Europe, Newsletter October 2012 (25 October 2012), at www.solar-district-heating. eu; Braedstrup Fjernvarme, “Braedstrup Solar Park in Denmark is Now a Reality,” SDH Solar District Heating/ Intelligent Energy Europe, Newsletter October 2012 (25 October 2012), at www. solar-district-heating.eu; Eva Augsten, “Norway: Solar Collectors Support District Heating,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 11 February 2013; Rachana Raizada, “Renewables and District Heating: Eastern Europe Keeps It Warm,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 13 September 2013; 175 systems and 319 MW th from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 44 Planned and Denmark 75% from Solar District Heating, SDHtakeoff…,” op. cit. note 42, p. 2; Europe’s 10 largest from Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1. 45 The University of Pretoria’s 672 m 2 solar thermal system provides warm water for apartments for 550 students, from Stephanie Banse, “South Africa: University of Pretoria’s 672 m 2 Solar Thermal System,” SolarThermalWorld.com, 12 April 2012; China’s “Utopia Garden” project in Dezhou covers 10 blocks of apartment buildings with 5.025 m 2 combined with seasonal storage beneath the complex, per Bärbel Epp, “China: Utopia Garden Sets New Standard for Architectural Integration,” SolarThermalWorld. org, 10 April 2012; 97% of community’s needs was over a one-year period, per Natural Resources Canada, “Canadian Solar Community Sets New World Record for Energy Efficiency and Innovation,” press release (Okotoks, Alberta: 5 October 2012); first large seasonal storage from “Solar Community Tops World Record,” in Solar Update (IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme), January 2013, p. 16; Government of Canada, “Drake Landing Solar Community,” brochure, www.dlsc.ca/ DLSC_Brochure_e.pdf, viewed 23 March 2013. 46 Europe accounted for about 80% of installed systems worldwide as of 2012. All based on data from Jakob, op. cit. note 39, and from Uli Jakob, “Status and Perspective of Solar Cooling Outside Australia,” in Proceedings of the Australian Solar Cooling 2013 Conference, Sydney, 12 April 2013. Note that roughly 600 solar cooling systems were installed worldwide in 2010, per H.M. Henning, “Solar Air-conditioning and Refrigeration— Achievements and Challenges,” Conference Proceedings of International Conference on Solar Heating, Cooling and Buildings—EuroSun 2010, Graz, Austria, 2010. 47 IEA, Technology Roadmap, Solar Heating and Cooling (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2012), p. 11. Several hundred small cooling kits were sold in these countries in 2011. 156
48 Daniel Rowe, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, personal communication with REN21, 29 April 2013. 49 Data from IEA, Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, cited in Stephanie Banse, “Solar Process Heat: Higher Yield than in Domestic Applications,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 17 August 2012. 50 Tannery Heshan Bestway Leather, a German joint venture, uses solar thermal technology to produce heat for industrial processes and hot water for worker dormitories, per Jiuwei Wang, Deputy General Manager, Himin, cited in Epp, op. cit. note 13; Bärbel Epp, “USA: Contractor Runs 7,804 m 2 Collector System at Prestage Foods Factory,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 19 April 2012; as of early 2012, Heineken planned to installed systems in Austria, Spain, and Portugal to provide heat at two breweries and a malting plant, expected to cover 18–24% of process heat demand, from Eva Augsten, “Europe: Heineken Brewery to Install Three Big Solar Plants,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 18 April 2012. 51 An estimated 11,316 m 2 of large-scale projects were approved in Austria during 2012, with process heat representing the largest share of capacity (40%), followed by district heating (33%), and heating of commercial buildings (19%); also four solar cooling projects totaling 863 m 2 , from Austrian Climate and Energy Fund, cited in Bärbel Epp, “Austria: More and Less Successful Subsidy Schemes,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 18 January 2013; most Thai government commercial solar thermal subsidies are going to process heat applications in the industrial sector, followed by hotels, farms, and hospitals. The subsidy covers commercial solar thermal installations that are combined with waste heat from air conditioners or boilers, per Thailand Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, cited in Stephanie Banse, “Thailand: Government Continues Subsidy Programme in 2013,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 15 February 2013. 52 Weiss and Mauthner, op. cit. note 1, p 3. 53 Stephanie Banse and Joachim Berner, “Lowering Costs, Maintaining Efficiency,” Sun & Wind Energy, December 2012, pp. 62–65; Chris Laughton, “Great Britain: Insolvency of Collector Manufacturer After the PV Crash,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 21 June 2012. 54 Bärbel Epp, “Solar Industry in Upheaval,” Sun & Wind Energy, December 2012, pp. 28–39. 55 Ibid. 56 In Cyprus, for example, greatly in response to the decline in the new home market, the industry is shifting from a focus on systems for new construction to replacement of older systems, per Bärbel Epp, “Cyprus: System Replacements Increase Efficiency,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 5 December 2012; in the U.K., companies are turning to repairs of existing systems, per Chris Laughton, “Great Britain: Insolvency of Collector Manufacturer after the PV Crash,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 21 June 2012; close production capacity from Epp, op. cit. note 54, pp. 28–39, and from Bank Sarasin, op. cit. note 20; Bärbel Epp, “Germany: Schüco Closes Bielefeld Collector Factory,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 17 December 2012; meet demand outside of Europe from Epp, op. cit. note 54; Joachim Berner, “Spanish Collector Manufacturers Expand Exports or Abandon Production,” SolarThermalWorld. org, 5 July 2011; Eva Augsten, “Spain: Export Helps Solar Thermal Industry Survive,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 12 January 2012; Bärbel Epp, “ISH 2011: Solar Trends in the Heating Industry,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 31 March 2011. Production by many EU manufacturers declined in 2011 relative to 2010; for example, GreenOneTec production fell from 800,000 m 2 to 700,000 m 2 , and Ritter Solar fell from 136,000 m 2 to 100,000 m 2 , per EurObserv’ER, Solar Thermal and Concentrated Solar Power Barometer (Paris: May 2012), p. 66. 57 Epp, op. cit. note 54; Berner, op. cit. note 56; Augsten, op. cit. note 56; Schüco International KG (Germany) made the decision to close its Bielefeld factory in December 2013, with plans to shut it down at the end of March, per Bärbel Epp, “Germany: Schüco Closes Bielefeld Collector Factory,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 17 December 2012. 58 Rapid consolidation from Bärbel Epp, “Solar Thermal Competition Heats Up in China,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 10 September 2012; top 100 from Epp, “Solar Thermal Shake-Out...,” op. cit. note 11, pp. 47–49; 1,000 companies from Yunbin Li, Linuo Paradigma, cited in Epp, “Solar Thermal Competition...,” op. cit. this note. 59 Stephanie Banse and Joachim Berner, “Lowering Costs, Maintaining Efficiency,” Sun & Wind Energy, December 2012, pp. 62–65. 60 Largest companies from Epp, “Solar Thermal Competition…,” op. cit. note 58; vertical integration from Bärbel Epp, “China: Trends in the Largest Solar Thermal Market Worldwide,” presentation for Intersolar Europe 2012, Munich, June 2012. 61 Epp, “Solar Thermal Shake-Out…,” op. cit. note 11, pp. 47–49; Bärbel Epp, “China: Sunrain Group Goes Public,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 29 May 2012. 62 Installed domestically and China’s export business increased 12-fold between 2005 and 2011, per CSTIF/Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association, cited in Bärbel Epp, “China: Industry Increased Export Business 12-fold,” SolarThermalWorld. org, 2 February 2012; an increasing number of companies manufacturing both (with most of these companies in China and India), from Bärbel Epp, “India and China Are Setting the Pace,” Sun & Wind Energy, December 2011, pp. 48–64. 63 Based on 2010 surface area production levels, from Epp, “India and China...,” op. cit. note 62, pp. 48–64. 64 Ibid., pp. 48-64. 65 Epp, op. cit. note 54, pp. 28–39. 66 Michael Mulcahy, Green Cape, personal communication with REN21, April 2013. 67 Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation, Central Bank of Lebanon, and Ministry of Energy and Water, cited in Pierre El Khoury, “Solar Water Heaters in Lebanon: An Emerging $100 Million Market,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 11 January 2013. 68 Bärbel Epp, Solrico, personal communication with REN21, 3 April 2012; Bärbel Epp, Solrico, “Cost Reduction – an Important Objective,” in Bank Sarasin, op. cit. note 20; Bärbel Epp, “Can Europe Compete in the Global Solar Thermal Market?” Renewable EnergyWorld.com, 21 March 2011. 69 EurObserv’ER, op. cit. note 20, p. 67, 69. 70 Banse and Berner, op. cit. note 59, pp. 62–65. 71 Stephanie Banse, “Poised for Growth,” Sun & Wind Energy, December 2012, pp. 30–35. 72 Stephanie Banse, “Hard-earned Upward Trend,” Sun & Wind Energy, December 2012, pp. 40–41. 73 Rising interest from Eva Augsten, “Europe/Asia: Solar Cooling Gains Traction,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 3 September 2012; new to sector from Uli Jakob, “Overview Market Development and Potential for Solar Cooling with Focus on the Mediterranean Area,” in Proceedings of Fifth European Solar Energy Conference, Marseille, November 2011; Hitachi began offering solar cooling kits in 2011 and Mitsubishi sells new compact adsorption chillers, per Eva Augsten, “Europe/Asia: Solar Cooling Gains Traction,” SolarThermalWorld.org, 3 September 2012. Sorption chillers above 35 kW capacity are manufactured primarily in Asia; new small and medium-scale systems were developed only within the past decade, and standardised solar cooling kits are produced by several companies in Europe as well as Asia. These include EAW (Germany), Climatewell (Sweden), AGP, Pink (Austria), Tranter Solarice (Germany), Yazaki (Japan), Thermax (India), and Jiansu Huineng (China), from Jakob, op. cit. this note. 74 Trouble competing and costs declined from Jakob, op. cit. note 46; potential for further cost reductions from Daniel Mugnier, TECSOL, “Quality assurance & support measures for solar cooling with IEA SHC task 48: overview and first results,” in Proceedings of the Australian Solar Cooling Conference 2013, North Ryde, Sydney, Australia, 11–12 April 2013. 75 Mugnier, op. cit. note 74; standard in Australia from M. Goldsworthy, CSIRO, “AS5389 Solar Air-conditioning Australian Standard – Overview of development,” in Proceedings of the Australian Solar Cooling Conference 2013, North Ryde, Sydney, Australia, 11–12 April 2013. 02 Renewables 2013 Global Status Report 157
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RenewableS 2013 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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FOREWORD Access to modern energy en
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TABLES TABLE 1 Estimated Direct and
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REN21 Flagship Products and Activit
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■■Lead Regional and Country Res
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■■Reviewers and other Contribut
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewable energy
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In response to rapidly changing mar
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES ANNUAL INVESTMEN
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01 GLOBAL MARKET AND INDUSTRY OVERV
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■■Power Sector Total renewable
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Sidebar 1. The REN21 Renewables Glo
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■■Heating and Cooling Sector Mo
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BY TE
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ecame a net importer of ethanol (ma
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data. About 230 co-firing plants we
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■■Liquid Biofuels Industry The
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■■Geothermal Industry A large n
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Sidebar 3. Sustainability Spotlight
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Ocean Energy ■■Ocean Energy Mar
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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV) Figure 11.
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plant that started operating in 201
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Figure 14. Concentrating Solar Ther
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING Figure 15. So
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Wind Power ■■Wind Power Markets
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Pacific to add capacity (0.4 GW), b
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Sidebar 4. Jobs in Renewable Energy
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TABLE 2. Status of Renewable Energy
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03 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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Germany invested more than any othe
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■■Investment by Technology In 2
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■■Renewable Energy Investment i
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04 POLICY LANDSCAPE The number of p
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announced its target to develop 1 G
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In Europe, two existing RPS policie
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Sidebar 7. Linking Renewable Energy
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government targets called for an es
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establishments, including hospitals
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Table 3. Renewable Energy Support P
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Policy MAPS FIGURE 25. COUNTRIES WI
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05 RURAL RENEWABLE ENERGY Access to
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Solid biomass applications for dryi
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presents significant gaps among cou
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micro turbines were added to provid
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06 FEATURE: SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION B
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■■The Economic Challenge Conven
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REFERENCE TABLES TABLE R1. GLOBAL R
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Table R3. WOOD PELLET GLOBAL TRADE,
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TABLE R5. SOLAR PV GLOBAL CAPACITY
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TABLE R7. SOLAR WATER HEATING GLOBA
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TABLE R9. GLOBAL TRENDS IN RENEWABL
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TABLE R10. SHARE OF PRIMARY AND FIN
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