American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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During the Oval Office review ofthe peripheral reconnaissance program, the Air Force revealed the extent of the ro am in 1960. SAC had two strategic reconnaissance wings flying worldwide missions, In Europe the COMINT .L.-......-.",.........-.,....."="",....,,.,,...,,...,..-----....,..,.........,,.,,.,,,...~=_.....,,...,... ......--... aircraft (mostly RC-130s) were operated by USAFE, which seemed to be getting all the newest and best aircraft and collection gear, in line with Eisenhower's expressed desire to Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 As for the fate ofthe RB-47 flyers, Khrushchev kept them in Lubyanka until after the change of administration and then returned them as a cynical olive branch to the newly, elected President Kennedy a few days after his inauguration. Kennedy met the released flyers atAndrews Air Force Base and, to flaunt his Cold War sympathies, had them to the White House for coffee. 142 IfKhrushchev hoped to use the reconnaissance program to curry favor, he failed. Kennedy was even more fervently anti-Communist than Eisenhower, (b) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Notes 1.1~ ~ ...I~Th~liistOryOrSIGINTin the Central Intelligence Agency, 1947-1970," October 1971, CIA history office. 2c:::::::JvoCII, 2. 3. CCH Series VI.D.l.1. 4. The best, and virtually the only, body ofinformation on NSA's early organization is a manuscript b~ I laya.ilabie in the Center for Cryptologic History. L...-__ 5. George Howe working papers, History ofthe Directorate, in CCH Series VI.D.l.2. 6. Brownell Committee report. 7. "Report on Intelligence Activities in the Federal(}overnment, Preparedfor the Commission on Organizationof the Executive Branch ofthe Government by the Task Ftlrceon Intelligence Activities, [the Hoover Commission Report]," App.l, Part 1: The National Security Agency, May 1955,inCCH Series VI.C.1.8. 8. Classification Act of1949, amended 24 Oct. 1951. See also file on manpowerall,d personnel strengths in CCH Series VI.E.1.4. Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 9. Robertson Report, inCCH series VLX.1.6. Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 HANDLE VIA TALENT KEYHOLE COMINTCO EMS JOINTLY RUUlf\'1l'l"rnRE~IGNNATIONALS 149
jib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA I 10. "NSA Review of the U.S[Cryptologic Effort, 1952-54," in CCH Series Vl.EE.1.3.; interview, Lpuis W. Tordella, 28 June 1990,by RoQert Farley, NSA OH8-90~ 1"Glimpses ofa Man: The LifeofRalph J. Canine," Cryptologic Quarterly, Vol. 6, No.2, Summer 1987; Burns, The Origins of the National Security Agency, 61. 11. Interview with AbrahamSinkov by Arthur Zoebelein~ IDale Marston andSam Snyder, May 1979, NSA OH 2-79 through14L'79. 12.1 fTraining in AFSNNSA, 1949-1960," unpublished manuscript inCCH Series V.F.4.1. 13. "NSA Review ofU.S. Cryptologic Effort.... 14. Howe, "The NarrativeHistoryofAFSNNSA" Part V. 15. NSNCSS Archives, ACC10460, CBRI51. 16. Howe, "Narrative History," Part V. 17. NSA oral history with Hugh Erskine, by Vince Wilson, 1972; oral history with Dr. Robert J. Hermann, 2 September 1994, by Charles Baker and Tom Johnson, NSA OH 45-94. 18. George F. Howe, "A llistory of U.S. Civilians in Field COMINT Operations, 1953-1960," Cryptologic Quarterly, Spring 1973, 5~9; and correspondence file in NSNCSS Archives, ACC 26430, CBOM22. 19. NSNCSS ArchiveS, ACe 1664N,G14-0207-7. 20. File ofsample COMIN'I' Reports for 1948-1953, in CCH8eries Vl.M.2.1. 21. CCH Series VI.M.2.1. 22. Production melilW 37/53, in "COMINT Reporting Responsibilities, Reports and Translations," in CCH Series VI.M.1.2. 23. NSA 901 PubHcatipns Precedures Memo #6,6 October 1953, in CCH Series VI.M.1.7. 24. See "Reporting Policy" memoes in CCH Series Vl.M.1.7. 25. Hoover Commission; report. 26. The best, and pra.ctically the only; comprehensive discussion of AFSA and NSA training in the 1950s is in •• fTtaining in AFSAlNSA, 1949-1960," unpublished 1961 manuscript in CCH Series V.F.4.1. Unless mdicated otherwise, the mliterial in this section derives from the Bauer work. 27. AFSA School Catalogue 1952, in CCH Series V.F.4.2. 28.1 ~Hist6rical Study: The Security Program of AFSA and NSA, 1949-1962," unpublished manuscript inCCH Serie$X.H.7. See also Interview with Herbert L. Conley, 5 March 1984, by Robert Farley, NSAOHl·84. 29. c:::::=Jaistoril;:al Study: The Security Program...." See also Interview, Cecil J. Phillips, 8 July, 1993, by Charles Baker and1'om Johnson, NSA OH 23-93, and written comments by David Boak, October 1994. 30. CCH SeriesVI.G.1.1. 31.lri8toryofSIGINT in CIA, V. III, 158. 32.c=:rTheSecurity Program...." 33. Ibid. HANDLE VIA TALENT KEYHOLE COMIN L SYSTEMS JOINTLY NOT RELE FOREIGN NATIONALS TOP SEQU:.:H::tmlllR 150
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NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
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'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
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.§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
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'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
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fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
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T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
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TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
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'(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
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--------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
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Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
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TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
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lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
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1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
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Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
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:rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
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:rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
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liaison office had maintained an of
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
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~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
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lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
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fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
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OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
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TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
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T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
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TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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and he might have failed had he com
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
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--------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Canine continued to strengthen the
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~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
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itselfwas established concluded tha
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hammered out an agreement which res
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Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
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ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
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leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
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-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
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Page 118 and 119: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
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Page 122 and 123: Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
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Page 130 and 131: ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 132 and 133: \ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
Page 134 and 135: ------- ----j
Page 136 and 137: ------- /
Page 138 and 139: OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
Page 140 and 141: - -------- ~-
Page 142 and 143: -------- (1) Ib) (3)
Page 144 and 145: ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 146 and 147: ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
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Page 150 and 151: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 152 and 153: The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
Page 154 and 155: All services showed an interest in
Page 156 and 157: intelligence collection. The best k
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Page 160 and 161: RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
Page 162 and 163: Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
Page 166 and 167: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
Page 168 and 169: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
Page 170 and 171: Hb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 119. ~A Chronol
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Page 176 and 177: -TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
Page 178 and 179: The next lead was a 1948 translatio
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Page 194 and 195: TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the
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Page 199 and 200: Project. 54 Then, two years later,
Page 201 and 202: TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
Page 203 and 204: (1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
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Page 207 and 208: .' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
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The best general-purpose computer i
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HARVEST worked after a fashion and
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The message went via HF single side
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
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Paper codes were archaic solutions
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The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
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But his memo did not actually estab
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AFSAM-7 Several different systems,
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
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Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
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the country, equipped with the fine
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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ecommended special decentralization
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The basic ground rule was that the
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was uninhabited, but was near a maj
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- _ .. - ------ It began with an in
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Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
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But this, said Baker, was not the w
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
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------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
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--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
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competent authority...." Other comp
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Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
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Entirely apart from the well-known
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The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
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Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
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equired considerable planning, and
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
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64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
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