American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

More documents

Recommendations

Info

--------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si'AET tJMBRA Chapter 1 Cryptologic Triumph and Reorganization, 1941-1949 The combined U.S.-U.K. COMINT operation of World War II was perhaps the most successful large-scale intelligence operation in history. '-- ---JPIA,1971 Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA WORLD WAR II AND THE INTELLIGENCE REVOLUTION The Second World War began a true "revolution" in intelligence. The impact of intelligence on the strategy and tactics of the Allies (and to a somewhat lesser extent on the Germans and Japanese) was truly revolutionary, and it is just now coming to be recognized for what it was. Through the publication of books like Frederick Winterbotham's Th€ Ultra Secret and John Masterman's The Double Cross System and by the massive declassification of war records begun by the British and Americans in 1977, the true extent ofthis influence is now emerging. No other intelligence source had the revolutionary impact of SIGINT. World War II was, in the words ofhistorian Walter Laqueur, "a SIGINT war." The influence ofSIGINT was so pervasive that it is now hard to imagine how we might have fought the war without it. Even prior to the direct engagement ofAmerican and British forces against the Germans and Japanese, two of their most complex ciphers were broken. The British effort at Bletchley Park first produced plaintext reports from the German ENIGMA system in September 1940, the same month that a small Army team under William F. Friedman broke the Japanese diplomatic cipher machine called PURPLE. By February of 1942 the Navy had broken the Japanese Fleet Operational Code, called JN25. In 1943 the Army broke the Water Transport Code, while in 1944 a lucky battlefield retrieval of cipher material allowed the Army to read the Japanese Army codes. When combined with successes in direction finding, traffic analysis, and the exploitation of plaintext communications, SIGINT yielded a torrent ofuseful information. British achievements have come in for the most scrutiny (and praise), We know that Churchill "revelled" in his ability to read Hitler's mail and spent hours pondering on Nazi strategy as revealed in the decrypted messages. The -British set up a very efficient and secure system for disseminating SIGINT, the precursor ofour SSO (Special Security Officer) system. Always wary of the "blabbermouth" Americans, they insisted that we adopt their system before they would share everything in the SIGINT larder with us. As the Combined Chiefs prepared for Overlord, they knew precisely how the Germans were reacting to the invasion plans and where they were positioning their units for the expected blow. HANDLE VIA TALENT KEYHOLE COMINT MSJOINTLY N TO FOREIGN NATIONALS 1 -- - ~-------------
Moreover, once the invasion was launched, they knew what the Germans were doing and were able to adjust accordingly. As Allied troops moved across France, they moved in sync with the gold mine of intelligence which detailed most of the important German military movements. Their intelligence officers must have looked like geniuses - they were able to predict German moves before they happened and could advise commanders how to react. If every dog has its day, this was the day of the G-2, the military intelligence officer. The product ofbreaking high-grade ciphers was called ULTRA, and it was so good that when it was not available, as it was not at the Battle of the Bulge, the G2 corps scarcely knew what to do. A few predicted the German offensive, but most did not. They were wedded to the SSO and the bonanza ofinformation that he could provide. The Pacific was the American theater, and the U.S. was as successful there as the British were in Europe. Navy cryptanalysts broke JN25 in time for Admiral Nimitz to use it in the Battle of Coral Sea in May of 1942. The success of strategic SIGINT was so important that Nimitz had become a permanent convert. When the cryptologists at Pearl Harbor came to Nimitz with information outlining a much bigger battle shaping up in the central Pacific, the admiral was quick to believe and quick to act. To his dying day he credited SIGINT with the key to the victory at Midway. This turned the war in the Pacific completely around and launched Nimitz on his Central Pacific campaign which took him to Okinawa. He considered SIGINT as an absolutely critical component, and he learned to use information from both the high-grade cipher traffic and the plaintext messages and operator chatter. Some ofhis subordinates were as successful as Nimitz in the use of this intelligence, some were not. But it is hard to argue with results. SIGINT and MacArthur had a turbulent marriage. The commander in the Southwest Pacific had outstanding success in using SIGINT on some occasions, the most conspicuous success coming in his 1944 New Guinea campaign. There were also some failures resulting from several causes. His staffnever came to trust SIGINT as did that of Nimitz. When they did use it, it was sometimes hard to get it melded into the battle plan, as MacArthur was a classical intuitive decision maker. Jurisdictional disputes between MacArthur and the War Department in Washington caused him to come to distrust this strange SSO lash-up which he could not control because itdid not work for him. In the battle for the sea lanes, SIGINT again played a decisive role. The Japanese merchant marine was devastated largely because its movements were being given away in the Water Transport Code. Sinking the defenseless and slow-moving merchant vessels was relatively easy when their movements were known beforehand. In the Atlantic, the U.S. and the British used decrypted ENIGMA messages to track German U-boats and to drive their wolf packs from the sea lanes. This was not quite as easy as going after merchantmen, and the marriage between SIGINT information and operational procedures to effect a kill represented a very high level ofmilitary and technological expertise. It may have been the most difficult and delicate use ofSIGINT during the war. II Hl"Qb:S VIA 'I'J.]":S~l'l' K:SYII8hE eSMUffeSlffft6t B'l S'l'JiJMB 46U'f'fL I TQPSECRET~ 2
Page 2 and 3: NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
Page 4 and 5: 'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
Page 6 and 7: .§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
Page 8 and 9: 'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
Page 10 and 11: fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
Page 12 and 13: T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
Page 14 and 15: TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
Page 16 and 17: '(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
Page 20 and 21: Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
Page 22 and 23: TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
Page 24 and 25: lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
Page 26 and 27: 1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
Page 28 and 29: Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
Page 30 and 31: :rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
Page 32 and 33: :rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
Page 34 and 35: liaison office had maintained an of
Page 36 and 37: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 38 and 39: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
Page 40 and 41: ~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
Page 42 and 43: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 44 and 45: Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
Page 46 and 47: lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
Page 50 and 51: George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
Page 52 and 53: fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
Page 54 and 55: OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
Page 56 and 57: TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
Page 58 and 59: T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
Page 62 and 63: op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
Page 66 and 67: lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
Page 68 and 69:
TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
Page 70 and 71:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 72 and 73:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 74 and 75:
lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
Page 76 and 77:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 78 and 79:
and he might have failed had he com
Page 80 and 81:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
Page 82 and 83:
--------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
Page 84 and 85:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 86 and 87:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 88 and 89:
Canine continued to strengthen the
Page 90 and 91:
~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
Page 92 and 93:
itselfwas established concluded tha
Page 94 and 95:
hammered out an agreement which res
Page 96 and 97:
Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
Page 98:
ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
Page 101 and 102:
leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
Page 103 and 104:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
Page 105 and 106:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 107 and 108:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
Page 109 and 110:
(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
Page 111:
-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
Page 114 and 115:
-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
Page 116 and 117:
,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
Page 118 and 119:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
Page 120 and 121:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 122 and 123:
Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
Page 124 and 125:
the theater and on to the United St
Page 126 and 127:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
Page 128 and 129:
\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
Page 130 and 131:
( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 132 and 133:
\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
Page 134 and 135:
------- ----j
Page 136 and 137:
------- /
Page 138 and 139:
OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
Page 140 and 141:
- -------- ~-
Page 142 and 143:
-------- (1) Ib) (3)
Page 144 and 145:
( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 146 and 147:
ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
Page 148 and 149:
~U~RA rather than to support tactic
Page 150 and 151:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 152 and 153:
The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
Page 154 and 155:
All services showed an interest in
Page 156 and 157:
intelligence collection. The best k
Page 158 and 159:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
Page 160 and 161:
RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
Page 162 and 163:
Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
Page 164 and 165:
During the Oval Office review ofthe
Page 166 and 167:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
Page 168 and 169:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
Page 170 and 171:
Hb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 119. ~A Chronol
Page 172 and 173:
Truman administration also saw the
Page 174 and 175:
(b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 176 and 177:
-TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
Page 178 and 179:
The next lead was a 1948 translatio
Page 180 and 181:
Kim Philby strikes a smug pose duri
Page 182 and 183:
cryptanalytic effort was gargantuan
Page 184 and 185:
J.... .....,jl Printer seemed to be
Page 186 and 187:
TOP SEcQriT liMBRA - (b) (1) (b)(3)
Page 188 and 189:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) 3)-
Page 190 and 191:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 192 and 193:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 194 and 195:
TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the
Page 196:
-- - I :(1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L
Page 199 and 200:
Project. 54 Then, two years later,
Page 201 and 202:
TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
Page 203 and 204:
(1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
Page 205 and 206:
.Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,."
Page 207 and 208:
.' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
Page 209 and 210:
The American Navy Bombe ANavy WAVE
Page 211 and 212:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The relationshi
Page 213 and 214:
the IBM Selective Sequence Calculat
Page 215 and 216:
The best general-purpose computer i
Page 217 and 218:
HARVEST worked after a fashion and
Page 219 and 220:
The message went via HF single side
Page 221 and 222:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 223 and 224:
~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
Page 225 and 226:
Paper codes were archaic solutions
Page 227 and 228:
The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
Page 229 and 230:
But his memo did not actually estab
Page 231 and 232:
AFSAM-7 Several different systems,
Page 233 and 234:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3)
Page 235 and 236:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
Page 237 and 238:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
Page 241 and 242:
the country, equipped with the fine
Page 243 and 244:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 245 and 246:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 247 and 248:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 249 and 250:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 251 and 252:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 253 and 254:
ecommended special decentralization
Page 255 and 256:
The basic ground rule was that the
Page 257 and 258:
was uninhabited, but was near a maj
Page 259 and 260:
- _ .. - ------ It began with an in
Page 261 and 262:
Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
Page 263 and 264:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 265 and 266:
Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
Page 267 and 268:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
Page 269 and 270:
But this, said Baker, was not the w
Page 271 and 272:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 273 and 274:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
Page 275 and 276:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 277 and 278:
In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
Page 279 and 280:
------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
Page 281 and 282:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
Page 283 and 284:
--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
Page 285 and 286:
competent authority...." Other comp
Page 287 and 288:
Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
Page 289 and 290:
Entirely apart from the well-known
Page 291 and 292:
The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
Page 293 and 294:
Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
Page 295 and 296:
equired considerable planning, and
Page 297 and 298:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
Page 299 and 300:
64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
show all

American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?