American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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.§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ...... o' . TO' $I!CRET~ Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA NSA Training - the Early Years . Setting Up Security , /./../ . NSA and the U.S. Intelligence System . '." i.i. .••.•.•........................ Consumer Groups Come to NSA / /./...•.•........................... The Struggle for Technical Control .i'i" .,..•.•......................... The Decentralization Plan i.i . Relations with the SCAs i. / /., .•.•.......................... The SCAs Create Second Echelon.s / 1""""';.;;...,;; ------1;;;..;;;;.="'-=;.....,.;•..;. . ..;. . .;...~ ,' : . ......,.:o;r-""'I'I'Ilr-:-""l""'l":--':""""""......-o:"T~O;--"'I"""-'I"l""""" /.. , .•.•.......................... Watching the Watchers ../ / /./...•............................ NSA and CIA - the Early Years i. i' •.. " . CIA Enters the COMINTBusiness . ~-----..-:-:-~L!: r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: The T ird Partie.s inthe Ear y Years .•............................. CIA in the NSATrenches . , ......•..•.............................. J 2···/···············,································ NSNs Othe'r' c~~~tit~~~I· .' .' .' .' .'1.' .'[ .' .' .' .' .':.' .':.' .' .....'.' .' .' .' .' .' .'::.':.' .' .' :.' ELINT and NSA/ ................•..•............................... Building the Overt Collection System . 1 I· /........•...•................................ ~~LInUj'~~'~UD-~~~.•..•................................ ' --=....-=-...............,.....-----_..... ..................... . The Far North Ji . 1 . WhatIt Was Like ________~~~--------~f· . SIGINT Goes Airborne . 'BLUESKY . Peripheral Reconnaissance . The Origins ofAdvisory Warning . The RC-130 Shootdown . Advisory Warning Is Implemented . The RB-47 Shootdown . 71 73 75 75 76 78 80 83 85 86 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 107 108 111 112 118 121 121 125 126 126 127 127 131 132 132 138 139 140 140 143 144 147 148 IIANBLB Vb\: 'f2\Ll!Jf'f'f KI!J'df6L)!; e6MINT e6fofT!t6L ~ i ~Tl!:M~ JOiN I L i ~TQ'J' R8L8AS1tBLI!J 'fa faMfffl'f fofi!i:Tf6N2\:L~ TOP5EeRET~ iv
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36 Chapter 4: The Soviet Problem The Early Days • . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . The Advent ofBOURBON .•............... . . VENONA ....•......... , ...•..................................... "Black Friday" ........•....•............. . . ASA and AFSA Turn to Radioprinter . . The Soviet Strategic Threat .•....•............... . . How It Began .......•.....•................. . . The American Response . . The Soviet Atomic Bomb Project . . The Chinese Threat •.......................... . . The Early Days ofOverhead . . The Attack on Soviet Ci her S stems . . Trackin Submarines . 157 158 160 168 169 170 171 174 176 178 179 184 187 188 189 Chapter 5: Building the Internal Mechanism Cryptology is Automated - The Story ofEarly Computerization 195 Antecedents ..........•.......................................... 195 Postwar Developments .•.......................................... 197 NSA Communications in the Pre-Criticomm Era 205 The COMINT Comnet 207 Securing American Communications 211 The Era ofthe Wired Rotor 211 The Early Years ofSecure Speech 214 Organizing for COMSEC in the PostwarWorld 215 AFSAM-7 ..........•............................................ 217 The Push for On-line Encipherment 218 From SIGSALy to Modern Voice Encryption 220 TEMPEST ...............•.......................................................... 221 Chapter6: Cryptology at Mid-decade The Early Assessments ...•............................................. The Robertson Committee . The Hoover Commission . The Killian Board .•.............................................. The Jackson Report •.............................................. 1956 Suez ............•............................................... Hungary ........•............................................... I I··············································· Lebanon,1958 . 1956 in History . 227 227 228 229 231 232 232 235 236 237 239 IIANBU VIA 'H.cFlP''f IEElYllabEl CaMIN'f CaN'fRaL S-"fSTEMSJ6II('fL'l NUl RELEASABLE 10 F"ltEIGl'4' Nit'fI6f4'1rLS v
Page 2 and 3: NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
Page 4 and 5: 'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
Page 8 and 9: 'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
Page 10 and 11: fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
Page 12 and 13: T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
Page 14 and 15: TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
Page 16 and 17: '(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
Page 18 and 19: --------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
Page 20 and 21: Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
Page 22 and 23: TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
Page 24 and 25: lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
Page 26 and 27: 1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
Page 28 and 29: Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
Page 30 and 31: :rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
Page 32 and 33: :rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
Page 34 and 35: liaison office had maintained an of
Page 36 and 37: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 38 and 39: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
Page 40 and 41: ~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
Page 42 and 43: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 44 and 45: Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
Page 46 and 47: lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
Page 48 and 49: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 50 and 51: George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
Page 52 and 53: fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
Page 54 and 55: OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
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TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
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T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
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TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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and he might have failed had he com
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
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--------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Canine continued to strengthen the
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~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
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itselfwas established concluded tha
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hammered out an agreement which res
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Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
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ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
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leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
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-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
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-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
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,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
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the theater and on to the United St
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
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\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
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\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
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------- ----j
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------- /
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OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
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- -------- ~-
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-------- (1) Ib) (3)
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
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ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
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~U~RA rather than to support tactic
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
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All services showed an interest in
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intelligence collection. The best k
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
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Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
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During the Oval Office review ofthe
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
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Hb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 119. ~A Chronol
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Truman administration also saw the
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(b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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-TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
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The next lead was a 1948 translatio
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Kim Philby strikes a smug pose duri
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cryptanalytic effort was gargantuan
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J.... .....,jl Printer seemed to be
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TOP SEcQriT liMBRA - (b) (1) (b)(3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) 3)-
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the
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-- - I :(1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L
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Project. 54 Then, two years later,
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TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
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(1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
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.Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,."
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.' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
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The American Navy Bombe ANavy WAVE
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The relationshi
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the IBM Selective Sequence Calculat
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The best general-purpose computer i
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HARVEST worked after a fashion and
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The message went via HF single side
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
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Paper codes were archaic solutions
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The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
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But his memo did not actually estab
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AFSAM-7 Several different systems,
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
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Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
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the country, equipped with the fine
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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ecommended special decentralization
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The basic ground rule was that the
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was uninhabited, but was near a maj
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- _ .. - ------ It began with an in
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Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
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But this, said Baker, was not the w
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
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------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
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--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
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competent authority...." Other comp
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Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
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Entirely apart from the well-known
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The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
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Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
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equired considerable planning, and
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
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64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
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American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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