American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Notes 1.1 ~Soviet Manual Systems Since 1945: A History of Their Cryptography, Usage and Cryptanalytic Exploitation"; unpublished draft available in CCH. 2. Ibid; see also Frank Rowlett, "Recollections ofWork on Russian," unpublished manuscript dated 11 Feb.\l965, available in CCH; see also NARA, SRH·OOl, 296. 3. RobertL. Benson and Cecil Phillips, History ofVerwna, published in March 1995. The name "KGB" will be used throughout this book to refer to the Soviet intelligence organization and its predecessors, the MVDand NKVD. 4.1 ~Before BOURBON: American and British eOMINT Efforts against Russia and the Soviet Union Before 1945," Cryptologic Quarterly, FalllWinter 1993, 1-20; Benson and Phillips, Venona; Frank Rowlett, "The Story ofMagic," Ch. VII, 53; manuscript available in eCHo 5. Rowlett, VII.53.; Oliver R.Kirby, "The Origins of the Soviet Problem: A Personal View," Cryptologic Quarterly. Vol II, No.4, Winter 92;; Louis W. Tordella 1 series oforal history interviews beginning 28 June 1990 by Robert Farley, Charles Baker, TomJohnson and others, NSA OH 8-90. 6. Rowlett, "Recollections ... "; see also Oliyer R. Kirby oral interview, 11 June 1993, by Charles Baker, Guy Vanderpoolt land David Hatcb~NSA OH 20-93. Tordella interview. 7. Howe, "Narrative History ofAFSNNSA, Part I"~ ~EarlY BOURBON," 1994. 9. Benson and Phillips, Venona. 10. Benson and Phillips, Venona; Kirby, "The Origins ofthe Soviet Problem." 11. Robert T. Lamphere, and T.Schachtman, The FBI· KGB War, a Special Agent's Story (New York: Randon House, 1986. 12. Benson and Phillips, Venona. 13. Lamphere and Schachtman, 78. 14. For information onthe Petsamo Incident and the Stella Polaris project, refer to the following: Lamphere and Schachtman (not the best source); interview with Hallamaa in Madrid in 1951, in NSNCSS Archives, ACC 7975N, CBRJ 22; Benson and Phillips, Venona, Stella Polaris document collection in NSAlCSS Archives, ACC 1177-79,11369-76,12504, 19043N, 19044,CBRJ 23. 15. Benson and Phillips, Venona. 16. Ibid. 17. See David Martin, Wilderness ofMirrors (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980). 18. Brownell Report, 106-08, in CCH Series V.F.7.13. n*I(6L~ V1* 'f*L~I('l' I
.Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,." ~~~ 19. No history ofBlack Friday was compiledatthe time, partly beca1lSeofthe fragmented natllre ofcryptology in those days. The best versions ha,ve 6nly recently been cOlI)piled:f l"Beyond BOURBON 1948. The Fourth Ye~rgfAlliedCollaborative COMI~TEffortAgainst the SovietUniQ Il ," Cryptologic Quarterly, Spring 1995;1lJ:ldBenson and Phillips, Veno~,Forlidditionalinformation,aee ore.linterview withl I JOMay 1985 byl ~nd Rpbert Farley, NSA OH 0;Jo"85; oralhistory interview with Cecil J. Phillips, 8 July 1993, by Charles Baker and Tom Johnson, NSA OH 23.93; ore.1Mstory interview with Herbert L. Conley, 5 March 1984, by Robert Farley, NSA OH 01-84; and Oliver R.Kitby, "The Origins of the Soviet Problem...." Pro",~ (l945-1953)"S"'''''~' V(S=m" 1975), 12-~ 20. Details ofthe early Soviet program can be found i~ ffJ'Earl Y History of the Soviet Missile ~:~Vi.tL=d- B~dBal"'''' MiaaU, Program, 1945-1972: An Historical Overview," unpublished manuscriptavailable in CCH. 21. he Soviet Land-Based Ballistic Missile Program...• " I 26. Oral interview with Ray Potts an 6 May 1994. 29. Walter Laqueur, A World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence. (New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers),I43-44. 30.DTheSoviet Land-Based Ballistic Missile Program...." 31. Tevis interview. 32. Amato interview. 33~ ~HiStoryofthe Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program," intelligence report available in CCH. 38. Kirby interview. 39. O'Neill, 279. 40. Background papers for the 1967 Eaton Committee, available in CCH; oral interview with Milton Zaslow, 14 May 1993, by Charles Baker and Guy Vanderpool, NSA OH 17-93. (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 II*NBbB VIA '¥ltbBN'f ItE)YIISbB 8SMIn'f 8Sff'fftSL S'IS'fBMSdSIN'fbY ~TQT REbEA&'tBbE Te FSRBI8N NA'fISfUtbS 191
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NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
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'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
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.§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
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'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
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fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
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T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
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TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
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'(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
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--------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
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Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
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TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
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lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
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1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
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Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
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:rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
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:rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
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liaison office had maintained an of
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
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~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
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lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
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fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
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OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
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TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
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T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
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TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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and he might have failed had he com
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
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--------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Canine continued to strengthen the
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~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
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itselfwas established concluded tha
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hammered out an agreement which res
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Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
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ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
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leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
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-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
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-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
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,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
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the theater and on to the United St
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
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\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
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\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
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------- ----j
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------- /
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OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
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- -------- ~-
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-------- (1) Ib) (3)
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
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ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
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~U~RA rather than to support tactic
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
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Page 160 and 161: RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
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Page 229 and 230: But his memo did not actually estab
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Page 235 and 236: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
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Page 239 and 240: Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
Page 241 and 242: the country, equipped with the fine
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The basic ground rule was that the
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was uninhabited, but was near a maj
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- _ .. - ------ It began with an in
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Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
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But this, said Baker, was not the w
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
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------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
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--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
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competent authority...." Other comp
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Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
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Entirely apart from the well-known
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The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
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Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
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equired considerable planning, and
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
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64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
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American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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