American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 (3) -P.L. 86-36 As NSA struggled with the problem, two camps formeq concerning the prospects for success. The first group felt/that the effort was hopeless and should not be funded. The 1957Baker Panel leaned toward this viewpoint. The committee. recommended that an effort be kept alivel I lOut it was pessif-m-l':""' s"':'tI':""' c-a"":b-o-u"":-t"":l-o-n-g--r-a-n-g-e-c":"h-a-n-c-e-s"::fo-r-s-u-c-c-e-ss-."l!' 6ir--+- A second group felt that the United States would never know whether it would be: possible or not because of inadequacies at NSA. /The organization was too skewed toward military manning, was not hirin the ri ht .k.inds of civilians, and did not have an adequate budget. This opinion was well entrenched at CIA/and was led by former NSAer Frank Rowlett. A variant on this interpretationwas offered by the Baker Panel, which suggested that the internal NSA structure could /hot cope with the complexities of high-grade systems. That job should be given/entirely ito a Los Alamos-style civilian research institute. 62 "-------' But within NSA itself there/was a strong undercurrent of disagreement with both camps. Representative of this view was the report ofa committee chaired in 1956 by Navy captain Jack Holtwick. Holtwick felt that a concentrated attack would yield enough lalone to justify the effort, and he recommended a massive computer attack. Such a super-high-speed computer would cost in the neighborhood of$5 miIlio.h per year, a considerable sum in those days. NSA would ~-:;====::::;7:7'==U-:=;~:":""L:'::":":"'7::-;::-::-:=-===-::;:;::'-=-=~= nee1 ~nd would probably have to have some of the work done at a private research organization (the Los Alamos option again)·1 I I r I IIANBLFJ 'lb\ ~""LFJN~U:flYII6Ltl e6MIn'f e6U'fft6L ST[S'ftlMStf6IIffbY NOT REI Ii: Ai,) il:r..g 'l'Q F8aBI8N HA'f16H}[LS 186
TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF BURST TRANSMISSIONS Late in World War II, German scientists had once again come up with a serious threat to Allied cryptologic efforts. This time, they had devised a way to compact lengthy manual Morse messages into messages lasting only a few seconds. When played at normal speed, a message sounded like a burst of noise in the receiver. The Germans called it KURIER and intended it to be on submarines, agents (spies), and eventually aircraft for low-probabilityof-intercept communications. Early models were deployed before war's end, and GCCS intercepted transmissions on at least one occasion. Fortunately, however, KURIER was still in the experimental stage. When the war ended, a German submarine surrendered in Argentina, the nearest landfall. Aboard the sub was a German scientist with extensive engineering notes and knowledge of the system, and he was willing to talk to the Americans about it. Even luckier, the British captured an actual KURIER system, and both the British and Americans experimented with it, primarily for the purpose of building burst systems for their own submarines. 65 Unfortunately, the Soviets also captured German scientists working on KURIER, and the TICOM teams discovered this during their debriefing sessions. At the time, the Navy (b)(1) (b)(3)-50 USC 403 (b)(3)-18 USC 798 (b)(3)-P.L. 86-36 I1AP'fQbK VIt. TAbKP'f'F K8YIIeLtJ eSMHff e6N'fR6L S'lS'ftJMSofSnnLY NOT RE' E A i A 2I,.K 'Fe FeR8I8Pi PiA'fI6NkLS 187 JDPSE~REI~
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NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
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'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
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.§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
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'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
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fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
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T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
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TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
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'(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
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--------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
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Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
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TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
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lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
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1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
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Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
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:rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
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:rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
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liaison office had maintained an of
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
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~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
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lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
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fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
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OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
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TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
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T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
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TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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and he might have failed had he com
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
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--------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Canine continued to strengthen the
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~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
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itselfwas established concluded tha
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hammered out an agreement which res
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Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
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ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
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leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
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-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
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-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
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,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
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the theater and on to the United St
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
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\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
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\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
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------- ----j
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------- /
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OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
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- -------- ~-
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-------- (1) Ib) (3)
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
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ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
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~U~RA rather than to support tactic
Page 150 and 151: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 152 and 153: The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
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Page 156 and 157: intelligence collection. The best k
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Page 160 and 161: RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
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Page 168 and 169: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
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Page 199: Project. 54 Then, two years later,
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Page 227 and 228: The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
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Page 235 and 236: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
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Page 239 and 240: Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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ecommended special decentralization
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The basic ground rule was that the
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was uninhabited, but was near a maj
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- _ .. - ------ It began with an in
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Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
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But this, said Baker, was not the w
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
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------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
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--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
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competent authority...." Other comp
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Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
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Entirely apart from the well-known
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The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
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Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
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equired considerable planning, and
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
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64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
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