American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TEMPEST During World War II, Bell Laboratories, under contractto develop various devices for the Signal Corps, was working on a Doe-time tape mixing device called a 131-B2. Engineers in the lab noticed that every £i e the .. evice ste ed\ a s ike would a. ear on an oscillosco e in another art of th . lab Bell Labs reported this to the Signal Corps, but the report attracted little attention. So the Bell engineers mounted an intercept effort, copYing and reading pla.in text from the Army Signal Corps communication~ I This time the Signal Corps took notice and asked Bell Labs what could be done. The . Bell engineers found that the problem. was caused byl RThe resulting signal could emanate through the /They suggested that the problem could be corrected by shielding the keying devices, by filtering the power lines, or by masking. They built a modified mixer using both shielding and filtering. But the Signal Corps refused to buy it because it virtually encapsulated the machine, making it difficult to work on and was subject to heat buildup. Instead, they sent.a message to the field urging commanders to controlI ftheir communication centers to prevent hostile signal I monitoring.68 The Germans knew about this problem and understood the potential for obtaining plain text from close-in ranges. The USSR, which was using the technique by the 1950s, very likely learned it from captured Germans. There is evidence that other Allied governments knew about it, too. Despite this, the Americans forgot what they had learned during the war. For all practical purposes, it was rediscovered by a CIA technician in 1951, while working on the very same 131-B~ mixers. CIA notified AFSA of its findings, and AFSA set to work on the problem. Designing countermeasures required time, however, and while equipment was being developed, AFSA issued instructions to the field requiring that all COMINT activities control a zone 200 feet in all directions of the communications center. As an alternative, a commander could require that at least ten teleprinters chatter away simultaneously, the idea being that this would introduce masking. 69 At this point, the newly established N$A d~cided to test all its equipment. The result everything radiated. Whether it was mixers, ke in devices, cr to equipment, EAM machinery, or typewriters, it sent out a signa ~;.;;.;..;IL...------------------,L..----.J Plain text was being broadcast through electromagnetic environment was full ofit. 1:--------------------' I IIA:ItBLJ!1 VIA: 'fA:LEl1ff IltlYIISLtl eSMm'f e6Iffft6L SYS'fJ!1MS dSm'fL'l NOT REI E ASA B! Ii: TO FQRKIGn n1\'fI6I{A:L;' 221
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus was the TEMPEST industry spawned. NSA initiated a jointproject with the SCAs, which in the early years discovered problems much more rapidly than it could design solutions. In 1955 the problem of electromagnetic emanations wa~ I I IMoreover, there was hard evidence that in this one area the Soviets were far ahead ofthe U.s. technologically and that America.'s East Bloc embassies were all being penetrated. It was a Frankenstein House ofHorrors. 7o The first big breakthrough was by Naval Research Labs, which redesigned the offending 131-B2 mixer and called it the NRL Mixer. NRL used a technique called lowlevel ke in , in which the ower was lowered to such an extent that a signal previously heKWcontaine t IS CIrCUltry, as 1 every crypto device a ter that. song as i;he communications center used the device at the suppressed keying mode rather than at full power (an unwarranted assumption), it was reasonably well protected. 71 By 1958 NSA was ready with the first generally applicable TEMPEST standards, which were published under JCS authority. Acc9rding to the new guidelines, Department of Defense organizations could not use equipment that would radiate farther than the zone of control~ INSA published NAG-I, a TEMPEST bible that established TEMPEST measurement techniques and standards. The new rules did not, however, say anything about when the guidelines had to be met, nor did JCS budget money to fix the problem. Funds had to come from the individual commands and had to compete with all other funding priorities. Recognizing that the problem was far from fixed, USCSB in 1960 established its first and only subcommittee, the Special Committee on Compromising Emanations. 72 But many years would pass before TEMPEST standards reached general acceptance. Notes Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 1. NSAlCSS Archives, ACC 6851, CBKI 61. 2. Colin B. Burke, "The Machine AgEl Begins at OP-20-G: Or, Don't Do It This Way Again," presentation at the 1992 Cryptologic History SYrtlposlum, 28 October 1992. 3.1 tTIl~ Secret War," in CCH Series IV.V.7.18; Joel Shurkin, Engines ofthe Mind: A History of the Computer(New York: W. W. Norton, 1984). 4. SRH-267. 5. Ibid. 6. Samuel S. Snyder, "The Influence ofU.S. Cryptologic Organizations on the Digital Computer Industry," SRH 003. 7. Ibid. IIAN'BLFl VIA 'i'1\LFlfff IlFlYIISLFl eSMm'i' eSfif'fIt6LS"t S'fFlMSd'SU('i'LY NOT RfjLEASABI E TO FOREI€lN N1r'ffSfO!l:L~ 222
Page 2 and 3:
NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
Page 4 and 5:
'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
Page 6 and 7:
.§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
Page 8 and 9:
'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
Page 10 and 11:
fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
Page 12 and 13:
T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
Page 14 and 15:
TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
Page 16 and 17:
'(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
Page 18 and 19:
--------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
Page 20 and 21:
Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
Page 22 and 23:
TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
Page 24 and 25:
lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
Page 26 and 27:
1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
Page 28 and 29:
Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
Page 30 and 31:
:rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
Page 32 and 33:
:rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
Page 34 and 35:
liaison office had maintained an of
Page 36 and 37:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 38 and 39:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
Page 40 and 41:
~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
Page 42 and 43:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 44 and 45:
Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
Page 46 and 47:
lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
Page 48 and 49:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 50 and 51:
George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
Page 52 and 53:
fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
Page 54 and 55:
OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
Page 56 and 57:
TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
Page 58 and 59:
T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
Page 60 and 61:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 62 and 63:
op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
Page 64 and 65:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 66 and 67:
lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
Page 68 and 69:
TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
Page 70 and 71:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 72 and 73:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 74 and 75:
lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
Page 76 and 77:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 78 and 79:
and he might have failed had he com
Page 80 and 81:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
Page 82 and 83:
--------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
Page 84 and 85:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 86 and 87:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 88 and 89:
Canine continued to strengthen the
Page 90 and 91:
~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
Page 92 and 93:
itselfwas established concluded tha
Page 94 and 95:
hammered out an agreement which res
Page 96 and 97:
Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
Page 98:
ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
Page 101 and 102:
leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
Page 103 and 104:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
Page 105 and 106:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 107 and 108:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
Page 109 and 110:
(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
Page 111:
-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
Page 114 and 115:
-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
Page 116 and 117:
,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
Page 118 and 119:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
Page 120 and 121:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 122 and 123:
Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
Page 124 and 125:
the theater and on to the United St
Page 126 and 127:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
Page 128 and 129:
\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
Page 130 and 131:
( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 132 and 133:
\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
Page 134 and 135:
------- ----j
Page 136 and 137:
------- /
Page 138 and 139:
OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
Page 140 and 141:
- -------- ~-
Page 142 and 143:
-------- (1) Ib) (3)
Page 144 and 145:
( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 146 and 147:
ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
Page 148 and 149:
~U~RA rather than to support tactic
Page 150 and 151:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 152 and 153:
The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
Page 154 and 155:
All services showed an interest in
Page 156 and 157:
intelligence collection. The best k
Page 158 and 159:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
Page 160 and 161:
RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
Page 162 and 163:
Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
Page 164 and 165:
During the Oval Office review ofthe
Page 166 and 167:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
Page 168 and 169:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
Page 170 and 171:
Hb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 119. ~A Chronol
Page 172 and 173:
Truman administration also saw the
Page 174 and 175:
(b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 176 and 177:
-TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
Page 178 and 179:
The next lead was a 1948 translatio
Page 180 and 181:
Kim Philby strikes a smug pose duri
Page 182 and 183:
cryptanalytic effort was gargantuan
Page 184 and 185: J.... .....,jl Printer seemed to be
Page 186 and 187: TOP SEcQriT liMBRA - (b) (1) (b)(3)
Page 188 and 189: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) 3)-
Page 190 and 191: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 194 and 195: TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the
Page 196: -- - I :(1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L
Page 199 and 200: Project. 54 Then, two years later,
Page 201 and 202: TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
Page 203 and 204: (1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
Page 205 and 206: .Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,."
Page 207 and 208: .' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
Page 209 and 210: The American Navy Bombe ANavy WAVE
Page 211 and 212: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The relationshi
Page 213 and 214: the IBM Selective Sequence Calculat
Page 215 and 216: The best general-purpose computer i
Page 217 and 218: HARVEST worked after a fashion and
Page 219 and 220: The message went via HF single side
Page 221 and 222: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 223 and 224: ~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
Page 225 and 226: Paper codes were archaic solutions
Page 227 and 228: The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
Page 229 and 230: But his memo did not actually estab
Page 231 and 232: AFSAM-7 Several different systems,
Page 233: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3)
Page 237 and 238: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
Page 241 and 242: the country, equipped with the fine
Page 253 and 254: ecommended special decentralization
Page 255 and 256: The basic ground rule was that the
Page 257 and 258: was uninhabited, but was near a maj
Page 259 and 260: - _ .. - ------ It began with an in
Page 261 and 262: Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
Page 265 and 266: Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
Page 267 and 268: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
Page 269 and 270: But this, said Baker, was not the w
Page 273 and 274: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
Page 277 and 278: In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
Page 279 and 280: ------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
Page 281 and 282: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
Page 283 and 284: --------------~~~~ concerns that NS
Page 285 and 286:
competent authority...." Other comp
Page 287 and 288:
Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
Page 289 and 290:
Entirely apart from the well-known
Page 291 and 292:
The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
Page 293 and 294:
Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
Page 295 and 296:
equired considerable planning, and
Page 297 and 298:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
Page 299 and 300:
64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
show all

American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?