American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

More documents

Recommendations

Info

George A. Brownell The Brownell Committee held fourteen days offormal sessions, which were backed by many days of research and data-gathering. Its report was a scathing indictment of old ways ofdoing business. Its bottom line stated bluntly that The added difficulty ofthe problem under attack places ....._----------_... a greater premium than ever on the quantity and quality of the physical and intellectual resources available, and on the efficiency and clarity ofthe organization charged with the task. While much has recently been done to provide adequate physical resources for the job, the Committee is convinced that the present organization of our COMINT activities seriously impedes the efficiency of the operation, and prevents us from attracting and retaining as much top quality scientific management manpower as this country ought to be investing in so important a field. It is highly significant to the Committee that the return of many of the best wartime COMINT brains to more attractive llAf(Bh~VIA 'fA~N:'I' l
The committee concluded that the creation of AFSA, coinciding as it had with the creation ofUSAFSS, had resulted in four COMINT agencies where there had formerly been two. Itcriticized AFSAC for obstructionism and requested that it be abolished. It attacked USAFSS as a virtually autonomous organization not operating underjoint control at all. The positive recommendations of the Brownell Committee are worth studying, because they encompass the present-day structure of SIGINT in the United States. AFSA should be greatly strengthened, especially in its ability to control tasking at SCA collection sites. AFSA or its successor should be removed from JCS control and should be placed under USCIB, whose membership should be revised, and whose procedures should be governed by a vote of four, rather than unanimity, as had been the case with AFSAC. AFSA should centralize and consolidate processing operations wherever possible to increase the resources brought to bear on intractable cryptanalytic problems. The director should be upgraded to three-star rank, and should be appointed by the president to a fouryear term. He should have a civilian deputy. Civilian career development should be encouraged to a much greater extent than formerly. The next several months were spent putting the Brownell report into directive language. The result was the Truman Memorandum, issued on 24 October 1952. This memo directed a complete restructuring of COMINT along the lines that Brownell recommended. It resolved an on-going dispute about how to change AFSA by abolishing it and creating in its place a new organization called NSA. Its director would work for the secretary of defense, who would become the "executive agent" for COMINT for the entire government. On the same date the National Security Council issued a revised NSCID 9, almost a verbatim quote of the Truman Memorandum. Both documents were classified Top Secret, thus hiding the official creation of NSA from the American public for many years. All that remained was for the secretary of defense to issue a memorandum establishing the new agency. He did so on 4 November the day that Dwight Eisenhower defeated Adlai Stevenson for the presidency. The creation of NSA was one of the last historical legacies oftwenty years ofDemocratic governance. The Truman Memorandum, on the advice ofLieutenant General Canine, had excluded COMSEC. Despite his belief that NSA should have both a COMINT and a COMSEC role, Canine recommended against mixing both in the same document. Lovett's memorandum on 4 November did mention that NSA would inherit the COMSEC functions formerly performed by AFSA. A memo in December spelled out those functions in more detail, and this marked NSA's first formal COMSEC charter. 17 il.A :-TQbi: VIA TAUJtfT KKYII8bK 68MIU'f 68N'fR8b SYS'fBMS d8lfffbY NOT REI F A ~ Aibi: TQ P8RrJI8N NA:TIOH'1"L5 35
Page 2 and 3: NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
Page 4 and 5: 'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
Page 6 and 7: .§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
Page 8 and 9: 'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
Page 10 and 11: fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
Page 12 and 13: T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
Page 14 and 15: TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
Page 16 and 17: '(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
Page 18 and 19: --------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
Page 20 and 21: Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
Page 22 and 23: TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
Page 24 and 25: lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
Page 26 and 27: 1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
Page 28 and 29: Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
Page 30 and 31: :rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
Page 32 and 33: :rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
Page 34 and 35: liaison office had maintained an of
Page 36 and 37: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 38 and 39: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
Page 40 and 41: ~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
Page 42 and 43: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 44 and 45: Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
Page 46 and 47: lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
Page 52 and 53: fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
Page 54 and 55: OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
Page 56 and 57: TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
Page 58 and 59: T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
Page 62 and 63: op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
Page 66 and 67: lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
Page 68 and 69: TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
Page 74 and 75: lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
Page 78 and 79: and he might have failed had he com
Page 80 and 81: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
Page 82 and 83: --------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
Page 88 and 89: Canine continued to strengthen the
Page 90 and 91: ~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
Page 92 and 93: itselfwas established concluded tha
Page 94 and 95: hammered out an agreement which res
Page 96 and 97: Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
Page 98: ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
Page 101 and 102:
leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
Page 103 and 104:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
Page 105 and 106:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 107 and 108:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
Page 109 and 110:
(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
Page 111:
-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
Page 114 and 115:
-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
Page 116 and 117:
,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
Page 118 and 119:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
Page 120 and 121:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 122 and 123:
Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
Page 124 and 125:
the theater and on to the United St
Page 126 and 127:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
Page 128 and 129:
\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
Page 130 and 131:
( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 132 and 133:
\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
Page 134 and 135:
------- ----j
Page 136 and 137:
------- /
Page 138 and 139:
OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
Page 140 and 141:
- -------- ~-
Page 142 and 143:
-------- (1) Ib) (3)
Page 144 and 145:
( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 146 and 147:
ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
Page 148 and 149:
~U~RA rather than to support tactic
Page 150 and 151:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 152 and 153:
The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
Page 154 and 155:
All services showed an interest in
Page 156 and 157:
intelligence collection. The best k
Page 158 and 159:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
Page 160 and 161:
RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
Page 162 and 163:
Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
Page 164 and 165:
During the Oval Office review ofthe
Page 166 and 167:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
Page 168 and 169:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
Page 170 and 171:
Hb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 119. ~A Chronol
Page 172 and 173:
Truman administration also saw the
Page 174 and 175:
(b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 176 and 177:
-TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
Page 178 and 179:
The next lead was a 1948 translatio
Page 180 and 181:
Kim Philby strikes a smug pose duri
Page 182 and 183:
cryptanalytic effort was gargantuan
Page 184 and 185:
J.... .....,jl Printer seemed to be
Page 186 and 187:
TOP SEcQriT liMBRA - (b) (1) (b)(3)
Page 188 and 189:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) 3)-
Page 190 and 191:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 192 and 193:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 194 and 195:
TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the
Page 196:
-- - I :(1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L
Page 199 and 200:
Project. 54 Then, two years later,
Page 201 and 202:
TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
Page 203 and 204:
(1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
Page 205 and 206:
.Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,."
Page 207 and 208:
.' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
Page 209 and 210:
The American Navy Bombe ANavy WAVE
Page 211 and 212:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The relationshi
Page 213 and 214:
the IBM Selective Sequence Calculat
Page 215 and 216:
The best general-purpose computer i
Page 217 and 218:
HARVEST worked after a fashion and
Page 219 and 220:
The message went via HF single side
Page 221 and 222:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 223 and 224:
~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
Page 225 and 226:
Paper codes were archaic solutions
Page 227 and 228:
The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
Page 229 and 230:
But his memo did not actually estab
Page 231 and 232:
AFSAM-7 Several different systems,
Page 233 and 234:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3)
Page 235 and 236:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
Page 237 and 238:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
Page 241 and 242:
the country, equipped with the fine
Page 243 and 244:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 245 and 246:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 247 and 248:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 249 and 250:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 251 and 252:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 253 and 254:
ecommended special decentralization
Page 255 and 256:
The basic ground rule was that the
Page 257 and 258:
was uninhabited, but was near a maj
Page 259 and 260:
- _ .. - ------ It began with an in
Page 261 and 262:
Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
Page 263 and 264:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 265 and 266:
Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
Page 267 and 268:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
Page 269 and 270:
But this, said Baker, was not the w
Page 271 and 272:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 273 and 274:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
Page 275 and 276:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 277 and 278:
In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
Page 279 and 280:
------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
Page 281 and 282:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
Page 283 and 284:
--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
Page 285 and 286:
competent authority...." Other comp
Page 287 and 288:
Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
Page 289 and 290:
Entirely apart from the well-known
Page 291 and 292:
The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
Page 293 and 294:
Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
Page 295 and 296:
equired considerable planning, and
Page 297 and 298:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
Page 299 and 300:
64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
show all

American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?