American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the Surprise Attack Panel, a committee set up under Dr. James R. Killian, president of MIT. Dr. Edwin Land, a member of the panel and inventor of the Polaroid camera, suggested that a camera could be devised which could take pictures from very high altitudes, if the Air Force could build an airplane from which to mount such a camera. In November 1954, Allen DUlle~go~ ~o build some thirty new aircraft which had been designed for justsuch a purpose by Kelly Johnson, the top designer at Lockheed. They were calledU~2s.44 There w~safthe time no guarantee that the U-2 was the answer. In fact the tse"hOWP; ,dm;";,'..';O" Co"ti"u.d to "J" rc~s:;e~al}O~:::ii;'::;:;~j::J:::I Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA ""erefloatedacrosslheUSSR from Europe to Asia in early 1956.1 1 ........................... l;;;;.;;;;== ,... ....,. ..,...----,Jand some of theJI1IIlay have Eu successfultha and of the 500, only forty-four were~ev-e-r-r-e-c-o-ve ...red after their long ride from west to east. 45 The U-2 project was a very risky gambit by an administration desperate to find out what was happening in the Soviet Union. Advanced equipment was placed aboard an aircraft easily picked out on radar, and defensible only because of its operational altitude. If the Soviets ever got a weapon that would shoot that high, the U-2 could be a sitting duck. This was undoubtedly in Eisenhower's mind when in 1955 he broached the Open Skies proposal to Khrushchev. The U-2 had not yet been launched, but when it was, it would be a target. 46 From the time of the firstU-2 overflight on 7 Apri11956, to the shootdown ofFrancis Gary Powers on 1 May 1960,the Eisenhower administration launt.hed twenty-four missions. The objective was photography, and the targets related to Soviet strategic systems. The aircraft also carried anc::::::::Jpackage, but this was probably used for internal defense (presuma f nfri ndi t '. reat and to tar et the cameras. III S eCla rooms - oni a few individuals at each site were cleared. (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 HANDLE VIA TALENT KEYHOLE COMINT CON MS JOINTLY NOT RELEASAB IGN NATIONALS TOP SECRt!EIJJ.MB:~- 180
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NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
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'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
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.§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
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'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
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fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
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T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
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TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
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'(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
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--------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
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Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
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TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
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lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
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1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
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Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
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:rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
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:rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
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liaison office had maintained an of
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
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~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
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lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
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fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
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OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
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TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
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T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
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TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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and he might have failed had he com
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
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--------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Canine continued to strengthen the
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~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
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itselfwas established concluded tha
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hammered out an agreement which res
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Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
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ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
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leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
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-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
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-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
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,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
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the theater and on to the United St
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
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\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
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\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
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------- ----j
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------- /
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OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
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- -------- ~-
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-------- (1) Ib) (3)
Page 144 and 145: ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 146 and 147: ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
Page 148 and 149: ~U~RA rather than to support tactic
Page 150 and 151: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 152 and 153: The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
Page 154 and 155: All services showed an interest in
Page 156 and 157: intelligence collection. The best k
Page 158 and 159: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
Page 160 and 161: RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
Page 162 and 163: Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
Page 164 and 165: During the Oval Office review ofthe
Page 166 and 167: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
Page 168 and 169: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
Page 170 and 171: Hb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 119. ~A Chronol
Page 172 and 173: Truman administration also saw the
Page 174 and 175: (b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 176 and 177: -TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
Page 178 and 179: The next lead was a 1948 translatio
Page 180 and 181: Kim Philby strikes a smug pose duri
Page 182 and 183: cryptanalytic effort was gargantuan
Page 184 and 185: J.... .....,jl Printer seemed to be
Page 186 and 187: TOP SEcQriT liMBRA - (b) (1) (b)(3)
Page 188 and 189: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) 3)-
Page 190 and 191: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 196: -- - I :(1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L
Page 199 and 200: Project. 54 Then, two years later,
Page 201 and 202: TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
Page 203 and 204: (1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
Page 205 and 206: .Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,."
Page 207 and 208: .' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
Page 209 and 210: The American Navy Bombe ANavy WAVE
Page 211 and 212: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The relationshi
Page 213 and 214: the IBM Selective Sequence Calculat
Page 215 and 216: The best general-purpose computer i
Page 217 and 218: HARVEST worked after a fashion and
Page 219 and 220: The message went via HF single side
Page 223 and 224: ~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
Page 225 and 226: Paper codes were archaic solutions
Page 227 and 228: The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
Page 229 and 230: But his memo did not actually estab
Page 231 and 232: AFSAM-7 Several different systems,
Page 235 and 236: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
Page 237 and 238: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
Page 241 and 242: the country, equipped with the fine
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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ecommended special decentralization
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The basic ground rule was that the
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was uninhabited, but was near a maj
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- _ .. - ------ It began with an in
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Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
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But this, said Baker, was not the w
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
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------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
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--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
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competent authority...." Other comp
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Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
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Entirely apart from the well-known
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The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
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Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
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equired considerable planning, and
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
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64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
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American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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