American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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Analytic section, Arlington Hall Station The sole exception to this trend was USAFSS. The Air Force cryptologic agency practically seceded, opening its first headquarters at Brooks AFB, Texas, 1,600 miles away from the menace of centralization. Even more startling, it was required to donate only thirty officers, twenty civilians, and eighty enlisted billets to AFSA. So when USAFSS opened its processing center, it had plenty of billets to do it with. If this was what Vandenberg had in mind, it was working. 7 AFSA organization reflected service competition. The director was to be chosen from among the three services on a rotating basis, and its first director was its most ardent opponent, Earl Stone. Assisting him were three deputy directors, one for each service. Below them were four major divisions, which have survived to this day - Operations, HltNBLS VIIt 'fltLSN'f KS'IlIeLe CeMIH'f ceNTReL SYSTeMS66IN'fLY NOT ail i blil b2bi: 'l;'Q i'Qil,gIQ}I N....iUHL\L8 28
J!lb) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Research and Development,COMSEC, and At:lmirtistration. The office designator system was numerical, so that Operations was AFSA 02., R&D was 03, COMSEC was 04, and Administration was 05./Each of the military deputy directors also had a sphere of influence. The NavYideputy director, Captain. Joseph Wenger, controlled COMINT, while the Army deputy, Colonel Sam:ueIP. Collins,\supervised COMSEC, and the Air Force deputy, Colonel Roy Lynn, handled administrative matters. s The field collection effort consisted of the iriterceptsites which had survived the budget cuts after/Wo.rld War II. Army SecuritY\Agencyhad seven sites: Vint Hill, Virginia; Petaluma,/California;1 lHelemano, Hawaii;1 I Fairbanks Alaska' and Clark AFB in the Philippines. The Navy had twelve: 1r- ......._,.....__---JDupont. ~:~hA~....r:~!na~\· \. \ L- .rkaggs Island, California; Cheltenham, Maryland;1 The Air Force had ten mobile units, whose status and location were somewhat vague. Finally, ASA had six SHAMROCK units, whose task was to screen commercial cable messages turned over to ASA by the cable companies under an arrangement which had existed since World War 11. 9 Field intercept was the rock that sank AFSA. In theory all the intercept positions were to be under AFSA control. In fact, some were not. Of the 763 intercept positions existing at the time AFSA was dissolved, 671, including all the Army positions, were under some form of AFSA control. Just over 100 were reserved by the Navy for fleet support and were thus completely beyond AFSA tasking authority. But even the positions under AFSA control could be tasked only by treading a complex paper mill by which tasking was routed through the SCAs, rather than being levied directly. This was true especially in the Navy and Air Force - the Army was more accommodating and permitt~d some form ofdirect tasking. Completely beyond AFSA purview, however, were the mobile intercept stations. In theory, these were small mobile efforts for direct tactical support. But AFSS flouted AFSA control by simply designating all their stations as "mobile." Thus even the most permanent and sedentary station was desi ated as a "radio au mo' " ....._...,...,....,...~-~, beyond AFSA control. The Army and Navy quickly caught on, and by 1952 ASA had seven mobile units, while the Navy had three. AFSA's lack of tasking authority over Air Force positions was intolerable, and late in 1950 Major General C. P. Cabell, Air Force director of intelligence, and Rear Admiral Stone signed an agreement granting AFSA the authority to task automatic Morse and radioprinter positions, while USAFSS retained control over voice. The Morse positions (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 IIMfBbFJ IfII. 'F/.bBN'f KBYIIS15B 8SMHi'f eSN'fRS15 BYB'fBM8dSHi'fc'[ NQ'i' RBf5BASltBbFJ 'f0 FORSIaN' N'A:fIOftAf:S 29
Page 2 and 3: NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
Page 4 and 5: 'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
Page 6 and 7: .§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
Page 8 and 9: 'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
Page 10 and 11: fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
Page 12 and 13: T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
Page 14 and 15: TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
Page 16 and 17: '(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
Page 18 and 19: --------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
Page 20 and 21: Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
Page 22 and 23: TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
Page 24 and 25: lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
Page 26 and 27: 1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
Page 28 and 29: Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
Page 30 and 31: :rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
Page 32 and 33: :rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
Page 34 and 35: liaison office had maintained an of
Page 36 and 37: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 38 and 39: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
Page 40 and 41: ~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
Page 42 and 43: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 46 and 47: lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
Page 50 and 51: George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
Page 52 and 53: fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
Page 54 and 55: OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
Page 56 and 57: TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
Page 58 and 59: T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
Page 62 and 63: op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
Page 66 and 67: lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
Page 68 and 69: TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
Page 74 and 75: lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
Page 78 and 79: and he might have failed had he com
Page 80 and 81: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
Page 82 and 83: --------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
Page 88 and 89: Canine continued to strengthen the
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hammered out an agreement which res
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Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
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ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
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leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
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-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
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-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
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,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
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the theater and on to the United St
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
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\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
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\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
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------- ----j
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------- /
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OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
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- -------- ~-
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-------- (1) Ib) (3)
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
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ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
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~U~RA rather than to support tactic
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
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All services showed an interest in
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intelligence collection. The best k
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
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Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
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During the Oval Office review ofthe
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
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Hb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 119. ~A Chronol
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Truman administration also saw the
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(b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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-TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
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The next lead was a 1948 translatio
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Kim Philby strikes a smug pose duri
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cryptanalytic effort was gargantuan
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J.... .....,jl Printer seemed to be
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TOP SEcQriT liMBRA - (b) (1) (b)(3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) 3)-
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the
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-- - I :(1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L
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Project. 54 Then, two years later,
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TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
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(1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
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.Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,."
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.' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
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The American Navy Bombe ANavy WAVE
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The relationshi
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the IBM Selective Sequence Calculat
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The best general-purpose computer i
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HARVEST worked after a fashion and
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The message went via HF single side
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
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Paper codes were archaic solutions
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The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
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But his memo did not actually estab
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AFSAM-7 Several different systems,
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
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Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
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the country, equipped with the fine
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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ecommended special decentralization
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The basic ground rule was that the
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was uninhabited, but was near a maj
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- _ .. - ------ It began with an in
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Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
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But this, said Baker, was not the w
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
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------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
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--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
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competent authority...." Other comp
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Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
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Entirely apart from the well-known
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The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
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Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
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equired considerable planning, and
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
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64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
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