American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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cryptanalytic effort was gargantuan. But the results would rock the foundations of postwar America. Second, it illustrated the absolute essentiality of cross-fertilization. COMINT without counterintelligence was just as unthinkable as counterintelligence without COMINT. Yet if the effort had been undertaken during World War II, with the intense competition between the military services and the FBI, it might have fallen on the rocks of secrecy, and the atomic spies might never have been uncovered. "Black Friday" lL.._...,..... , (AFSA had not yet been created, and there was no mechanism to resolve interservice security squabbles and investigate IIANBf,,~Vilt 'I'Af"SN'I' ICSYIIOLS 80Mm~ eO!f~ROL 6YS~EJMS 60m~L'1 NOT REI EASABr..i: '];Q I?OREJI6IHhltIiONALS l b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 168 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 -TOP SFCAEiitJMBRA I I But ifone went looking for spies, there was no end .....--::---:-:-":":":"~-=-----:---:------' ofpossibilities. The most obvious suspects were those three miscreants, Philby, Burgess, and Maclean, who were in a position to know the general outlines of the American:D ___...l~ttackon Soviet systems, even though they were unacquainted with the technical details. But a very likely contributor was one of America's own.. William Weis.band, who had been working in ASA for the duration of the war and into the late1940s, was later discovered to have been a KGB agent. Weisband, whose story will be covered in more detail in chapter 7, almost certainly provided information critical to the Soviet COMSEC effort. He was the U.S. cryptologic effort's first traitor. ASA and AFSA Turn to Radioprinter As thel Iproblem became moredifficult, ASA turned gra.dually to a new source ofSoviet traffic. Throug~ linterrogations and later contacts with foreign COMINTspecialists, ASA had become aware that the Soviets had begun using radioprinter, I ASA/had very little intercept capability for such a sophisticated system, and early inte.tcepts were copied.onto undulator tape, whose readout was laborious and timeconsuming. Confrontingthe same/problem, NSG and ASA received a postwar allocation of something over $200,000 to design and build intercept equipment. Working in the basement ofArlington 11all under the cafeteria, they began buildiIlgl......,_.............. ...........I I .~ositions whose output was punched P~})ertape onto which was also printedthe Cyrillic characters, a big improvement overundulator tape. (Printers were then viewed.as too expensive and their output t09bulky.) I The outputs/were huge, and ASA and NSG were quickly flooded with Russian language material. NSAers Jacob Gurin andI Iwho headed up the transcription effort, began hiring Russian linguists from a former ass organization that had been transferred to the State Department. They also began scouring college campuses for linguists and set up language training at civilian universities. '(b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 HANDLE VIA TALENT KEYHOLE COMINT CO MS JOINTLY NOT RELE REIGN NATIONALS 169
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NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
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'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
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.§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
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'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
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fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
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T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
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TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
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'(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
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--------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
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Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
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TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
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lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
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1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
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Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
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:rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
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:rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
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liaison office had maintained an of
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
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~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
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lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
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fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
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OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
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TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
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T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
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TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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and he might have failed had he com
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
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--------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Canine continued to strengthen the
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~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
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itselfwas established concluded tha
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hammered out an agreement which res
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Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
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ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
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leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
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-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
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-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
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,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
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the theater and on to the United St
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
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\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 132 and 133: \ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
Page 134 and 135: ------- ----j
Page 136 and 137: ------- /
Page 138 and 139: OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
Page 140 and 141: - -------- ~-
Page 142 and 143: -------- (1) Ib) (3)
Page 144 and 145: ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 146 and 147: ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
Page 148 and 149: ~U~RA rather than to support tactic
Page 150 and 151: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 152 and 153: The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
Page 154 and 155: All services showed an interest in
Page 156 and 157: intelligence collection. The best k
Page 158 and 159: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
Page 160 and 161: RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
Page 162 and 163: Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
Page 164 and 165: During the Oval Office review ofthe
Page 166 and 167: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
Page 168 and 169: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
Page 170 and 171: Hb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 119. ~A Chronol
Page 172 and 173: Truman administration also saw the
Page 174 and 175: (b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 176 and 177: -TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
Page 178 and 179: The next lead was a 1948 translatio
Page 180 and 181: Kim Philby strikes a smug pose duri
Page 184 and 185: J.... .....,jl Printer seemed to be
Page 186 and 187: TOP SEcQriT liMBRA - (b) (1) (b)(3)
Page 188 and 189: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) 3)-
Page 190 and 191: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 192 and 193: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 194 and 195: TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the
Page 196: -- - I :(1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L
Page 199 and 200: Project. 54 Then, two years later,
Page 201 and 202: TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
Page 203 and 204: (1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
Page 205 and 206: .Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,."
Page 207 and 208: .' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
Page 209 and 210: The American Navy Bombe ANavy WAVE
Page 211 and 212: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The relationshi
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Page 215 and 216: The best general-purpose computer i
Page 217 and 218: HARVEST worked after a fashion and
Page 219 and 220: The message went via HF single side
Page 221 and 222: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 223 and 224: ~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
Page 225 and 226: Paper codes were archaic solutions
Page 227 and 228: The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
Page 229 and 230: But his memo did not actually estab
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
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Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
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the country, equipped with the fine
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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ecommended special decentralization
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The basic ground rule was that the
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was uninhabited, but was near a maj
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- _ .. - ------ It began with an in
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Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
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But this, said Baker, was not the w
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
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------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
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--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
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competent authority...." Other comp
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Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
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Entirely apart from the well-known
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The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
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Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
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equired considerable planning, and
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
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64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
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American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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