American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on its own. He decided to end the American trusteeship and sponsor free elections. So in the spring of 1948 American forces marched out of Korea. The South boycotted the elections, which led to a new National Assembly and a government headed by Syngman Rhee, a seventy-three-year-old militant anti-Communist who had spent forty years in exile in the United States waiting for the liberation of his homeland. The North formed its own government, the Democratic People's Republic ofKorea (DPRK), headed by a young thirty-six-year-old Communist named Kim II-sung. The peninsula was divided at the waist. Syngman Rhee Kim II-sung The Asia Dilemma In 1949 catastrophe struck in the Far East. The corrupt and despotic Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalists were ousted by the Communist forces of Mao Tse-tung. As the Communists marched into Beijing, Chiang fled to the island of Formosa (Taiwan), some 100 miles off the coast, followed by as much ofhis army as could flee with him. By the end of the year, Mao was making confident proclamations about his intent to invade Formosa anddrive Chiang and his army into the sea. In Washington, the administration was convulsed over whether the United States should support Chiang and the Nationalists. In the end the anti-Chiang faction won, and Truman, on 5 January 1950, issued a public statement tha~the United States had adopted a "hands off Formosa" policy. Ambiguity about which side of the line Korea stood on was HMlQbl!J VIA Q\'tl5Bl'l'f IiBYIlSl5S GSMHcf'l' GSN'l'R6b S7{S'f~MSjOUif'fLi NOtRELEASABLE 10 FOREIG~ M1\TII5N'A:LS 'Fe, 'ECRE I UMBRA 38
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Tap SE(RIiT UfldBRA resolved a week later when Secretary of State Dean Acheson, at a press conference, described an American sphere ofinterestin the Pacific that implicitly excluded Korea. By June 1950 the United States had boxed itself into a very weak position in Korea. From a full army corps, it was reduced to a 500-man Korean Military Aid Group (KMAG). The U.S. had left behind plans and equipment for a 50,OOO-man ROK (Republic of Korea) "constabulary" (rather than a real army) but devoid of heavy equipment, as the U.S. was afraid that the militant Rhee would use it to invade the North. Rhee drew up plans for a real army of 100,000, and he succeeded in extracting additional American commitments of weapons (but still no heavy, mobile offensive weapons). On the other side of the 38th Parallel stood a DPRK army and air force of\about 135,000 men, equipped by the Soviets with much ofthe heavy equipment that the Americans had denied to Rhee. American military forces, overall, in 1950 were in a weakened state. Defense budgets had continued to decline from their World War II peak, and the defense budget for 1950 was only $12.3 billion, with an authorized Army strength of 630,000 (but an actual strength ofonly 591,000). Of these, only 108,500 were in the Far East, almost all of them in Japan. In line with administration policy, the Pentagon had no plans to defend Korea and no one there to do it. The American contingency plan for the peninsula was basically to evacuate all dependents to Japan. 18 Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Parallel to the national lack of interest in Korea was AFSA's neglect of the problem. There were no documented high-priority national intelligence requirements on Korea, and the only requirement that related~tall was couched in terms of keeping track of Soviet interest in the peninsula. At the time AFSA had "no person or group of persons working on a North Korean problem." During the previous year, SeA intercept sites had stumbled onto som.....~ JNorth Korean messages which were originally collected as suspectedL ,When in May 1949 these messages were identified as North KoreaIl,two intercept positions atl Iand a tactical unit not under AFSA control, were tasked with follow-up copy. AFSA had no Korean linguists, no Korean dictionaries, no traffic analytic aids, and no Korean typewriters. 19 No one really expected an invasion in Korea. There was fragmentary HUMINT reporting, generally disbelieved by all, that there could be an invasion by North Korea in 1950. In March an Army organization called the Intelligence Indications Steering Committee cited the possibility of military activity in Korea sometime in 1950. But this was set against a general disbelief in the intelligence community that Korea presented a real problem. Mter the war broke out, there was the usual scramble by intelligence agencies to find the indicators that had been missed. AFSA, for instance, discovered traffic indicating that there had been large shipments of medical supplies going from the USSR to Korea beginning in February. A Soviet naval DF net in the Vladivostok area had undergone a IIAl'fQbS ¥IA 'FAbSl'f'F I'ieSYllebS OeMIN'f eeN'fR8L 8""iB'f~MBJ6U(TL i NOT RELEASABLE '1'0 POREIGN NAtIONALS 39 T9P SE(RET liMBRA
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NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
Page 4 and 5: 'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
Page 6 and 7: .§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
Page 8 and 9: 'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
Page 10 and 11: fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
Page 12 and 13: T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
Page 14 and 15: TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
Page 16 and 17: '(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
Page 18 and 19: --------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
Page 20 and 21: Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
Page 22 and 23: TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
Page 24 and 25: lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
Page 26 and 27: 1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
Page 28 and 29: Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
Page 30 and 31: :rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
Page 32 and 33: :rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
Page 34 and 35: liaison office had maintained an of
Page 36 and 37: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 38 and 39: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
Page 40 and 41: ~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
Page 42 and 43: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 44 and 45: Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
Page 46 and 47: lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
Page 50 and 51: George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
Page 52 and 53: fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
Page 56 and 57: TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
Page 58 and 59: T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
Page 62 and 63: op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
Page 66 and 67: lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
Page 68 and 69: TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
Page 74 and 75: lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
Page 78 and 79: and he might have failed had he com
Page 80 and 81: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
Page 82 and 83: --------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
Page 88 and 89: Canine continued to strengthen the
Page 90 and 91: ~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
Page 92 and 93: itselfwas established concluded tha
Page 94 and 95: hammered out an agreement which res
Page 96 and 97: Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
Page 98: ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
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Page 103 and 104: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
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-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
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-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
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,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
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the theater and on to the United St
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
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\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
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\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
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------- ----j
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------- /
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OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
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- -------- ~-
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-------- (1) Ib) (3)
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
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ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
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~U~RA rather than to support tactic
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
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All services showed an interest in
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intelligence collection. The best k
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
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Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
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During the Oval Office review ofthe
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
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Hb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 119. ~A Chronol
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Truman administration also saw the
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(b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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-TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
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The next lead was a 1948 translatio
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Kim Philby strikes a smug pose duri
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cryptanalytic effort was gargantuan
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J.... .....,jl Printer seemed to be
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TOP SEcQriT liMBRA - (b) (1) (b)(3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) 3)-
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the
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-- - I :(1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L
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Project. 54 Then, two years later,
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TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
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(1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
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.Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,."
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.' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
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The American Navy Bombe ANavy WAVE
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The relationshi
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the IBM Selective Sequence Calculat
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The best general-purpose computer i
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HARVEST worked after a fashion and
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The message went via HF single side
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
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Paper codes were archaic solutions
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The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
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But his memo did not actually estab
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AFSAM-7 Several different systems,
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
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Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
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the country, equipped with the fine
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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ecommended special decentralization
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The basic ground rule was that the
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was uninhabited, but was near a maj
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- _ .. - ------ It began with an in
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Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
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But this, said Baker, was not the w
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
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------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
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--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
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competent authority...." Other comp
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Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
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Entirely apart from the well-known
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The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
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Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
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equired considerable planning, and
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
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64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
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American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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