American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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---,I For scanning in the field, CDC (Control Data Corporation, the successor to ERA) developed the concept of key word search under a project called FADE-IN. Text scanning in the field was not implemented until the early 1960s. SOAPFLAKES was believed to be the first key word scan system at NSA. 27 ·1 I __~ Most of these processes were off-line. Intercepted traffic in Tecsumized or diarized form spilled off the communications lines in paper tape form and was carted off to another area of the building to be input to processing computers. But it was not the wave of the future. SMAC first began experimenting with the use of a computer to directly receive inputted messages from the field, and so avoid the paper tape step. This effort used Univac 494s and was in a very early stage ofdevelopment as the 1950s came to a close. 28 NSA COMMUNICATIONS IN THE PRE·CRITICOMM ERA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Equipment is obsolescent, insufficient in number and inadequate for the purpose. . .. Such essentials to operations as, for example, a place to put live traffic and operators' logs, are neglected in the installation and are provided, if at all, as an afterthought when operations begin.... Homemade bins in the aisles, traffic piled on the floor or clipped to overhead wires like clothes on a line, logsheets resting on machines, etcetera, are the inevitable result. 1955 study ofthe COMINT communications system Rapid communications is the lifeblood of SIGINT. Cryptologists have grown so accustomed to virtually instantaneous access to remote corners ofthe globe that they could not operate any other way. But in the early days, they operated in a decidedly different mode. AFSA, when created, had no indigenous communications at all. Instead, the organization depended entirely on communications paths and facilities provided by the services. COMINT passed from collection sites to Washington on armed service communications. It was encrypted off-line at the field site, then was passed to a local communications center manned by non-SI indoctrinated people, who put it on common user circuits for transmission. Ifthe traffic originated at a Navy site, it was put onto naval communications; ifit was an Army site, it went via Army communications; and so forth. The traffic was long, vertical umbilical, service-unique and electrically sealed until it reached Washington, where the information could then be passed to other services or to AFSA. II*N5LI!: .1* T*LI!:H'T KI!: i II~LI!: e~MI!.T e~HTIt~L SY8TI!:MS J~IHTLY NOT REI E AS A In.,). '];'Q FQREI8Pf N'k'fIfm1\LS 205
The message went via HF single sideband, passing through up to six relay centers before finally arriving at either Arlington Hall or Naval Security Station. It might have to be reencrypted up to five times, and the process required from twenty-four to forty-eight hours to send a routine message to the capital. Because of the many relays and inherent degradation of HF channels, up to 30 percent arrived undecipherable and had to be retransmitted. Messages required several hours for decryption, and the handling time for each message, including marking and routing to the intended recipient, took several more hours. The ASA communications center at Arlington Hall, for instance, was taking approximately fOUf days (on top of the one to two days of transmission time) to deliver a routine message. The fastest possible handling time on the most critical information was not less than five to six hours from time ofintercept, according to information furnished to the Robertson Committee in 1953. 29 Arthur Enderlin One ofNSA's communications pioneers, he helped When AFSA came into existence, the communications system on which it relied was reported to be "in a deplorable and deteriorating state." Arthur Enderlin, one of AFSA's top communications people, conducted a study detailing the decrepit conditions and sent it to Admiral Stone. A disbelieving Stone decreed a full-blown study, which just confirmed Enderlin's contentions. 30 Nothing was done under Stone. But when Canine arrived, plans were immediately laid by Enderlin's successor, Lieutenant Colonel William B. Campbell, for a separate AFSA communications center to process traffic destined for AFSA organizations. In July 1952, the new communications handling facility opened in B Building at Arlington Hall, using Teletype Corporation Model-19s. This was a good first step, and it reduced the message handling time for routine messages to three hours, while cutting the message develop the system throughout the 19508 and 1960s. backlog to almost nothing. 31 IIIdof5LI!J • fA 'fALl!Jlof'f f~1!J i II6LI!J e6MI!of'f e6!of'fft6L S-YS'fI!JMS d'6Hof'fJ:S NOT REJ.EASABJ E TO i'QRiJIElN ?iA't'16Iof*L~ 206 -- -_. -_._------------- - _ .. ---------
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NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
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'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
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.§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
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'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
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fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
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T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
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TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
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'(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
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--------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
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Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
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TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
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lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
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1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
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Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
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:rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
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:rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
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liaison office had maintained an of
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
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~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
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lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
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fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
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OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
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TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
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T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
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TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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and he might have failed had he com
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
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--------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Canine continued to strengthen the
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~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
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itselfwas established concluded tha
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hammered out an agreement which res
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Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
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ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
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leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
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-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
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-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
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,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
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the theater and on to the United St
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
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\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
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\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
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------- ----j
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------- /
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OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
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- -------- ~-
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-------- (1) Ib) (3)
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( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
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ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
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~U~RA rather than to support tactic
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
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All services showed an interest in
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intelligence collection. The best k
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
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RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
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Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
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During the Oval Office review ofthe
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
Page 168 and 169: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
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Page 172 and 173: Truman administration also saw the
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Page 176 and 177: -TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
Page 178 and 179: The next lead was a 1948 translatio
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Page 186 and 187: TOP SEcQriT liMBRA - (b) (1) (b)(3)
Page 188 and 189: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) 3)-
Page 190 and 191: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 194 and 195: TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the
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Page 199 and 200: Project. 54 Then, two years later,
Page 201 and 202: TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
Page 203 and 204: (1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
Page 205 and 206: .Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,."
Page 207 and 208: .' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
Page 209 and 210: The American Navy Bombe ANavy WAVE
Page 211 and 212: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The relationshi
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Page 215 and 216: The best general-purpose computer i
Page 217: HARVEST worked after a fashion and
Page 221 and 222: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 223 and 224: ~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
Page 225 and 226: Paper codes were archaic solutions
Page 227 and 228: The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
Page 229 and 230: But his memo did not actually estab
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Page 235 and 236: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
Page 237 and 238: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
Page 241 and 242: the country, equipped with the fine
Page 253 and 254: ecommended special decentralization
Page 255 and 256: The basic ground rule was that the
Page 257 and 258: was uninhabited, but was near a maj
Page 259 and 260: - _ .. - ------ It began with an in
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Page 265 and 266: Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
Page 267 and 268: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
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But this, said Baker, was not the w
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
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Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
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In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
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------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
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--------------~~~~ concerns that NS
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competent authority...." Other comp
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Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
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Entirely apart from the well-known
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The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
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Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
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equired considerable planning, and
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Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
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64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
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American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

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