American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Dr.James Killian, shown here with General Samford at NSA The committee quickly came to the conclusion that spying on the Soviet Union in the classical sense (agents and that sort of thing) was not the answer. The Soviet Bloc was too hard to penetrate. Warning, ifit were to come in time, would have to come from technical intelligence like COMINT, ELINT, and photography. This recommendation was to begin a revolution in the way the government thought about, organized, and used intelligence. From that time on, technical intelligence became the "answer" to the problem of strategic warning. It would remain so for the duration ofthe Cold War. As part of the Killian Board, the Land Panel was to achieve a measure of renown. Chaired by the farsighted Edwin Land, inventor of the Polaroid camera, the panel was to concern itself with the development of new reconnaissance programs. The Land Panel came to have a profound influence on the future of overhead photography, the U-2 I1ANB~B VIA 'fA~BN'fI12BYIISbfJ eSMIIf'f eSU'fftSb S 1 S'f~MS JOn''fL1 NOT Hil Ii: A ~,A BbK '1'9 l"9RBI8N NA:'fI8H'}\L8 230
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3) -18 USC 798 program, and intelligence collection satellites. It was this group that first envisioned COMINT and ELINT intercept packages aboard orbiting satellites. ,...-_....._---------....., Land believed that science made anythin~ DOssible.1 The Jackson Report The most personal and confidential report on NSA was by William H. Jackson. One of the original members of the Brownell.Committee, Jackson was' appointed by Eisenhower to monitor NSA's progress and to make periodic progress reports through Sherman Adams, Eisenhower's chiefofstaff. In meetings with Jackson, the president expressed his personal concern that NSA should be effective, and Jackson kept him apprised ofwhat still needed to be done. Jackson insisted that NSA needed a strong research and development organization, and he regarded the appointment of a director of research in 1956 as a significant step forward. A more difficult matter was the naming of a chief civilian deputy. Canine insisted on running his own show and did not want, and refused to appoint, a civilian deputy. Only when Samford came aboard in 1956 and quickly named a civilian, Joseph Ream, as deputy was Jackson satisfied on this point. Yet a third organizational problem was the matter of a point of contact for COMINT within DoD. Brownell had envisioned that COMINT matters would be handled at least as high as the assistant secretary level. This high-level attention had not occurred, and Jackson reported in 1956 that the nominal point of contact, General Graves B. Erskine, head ofthe Office of Special Operations, normally turned COMINT over to a lower-ranking staffer. InJackson's view, this level ofconcern was wholly inadequate to the task at hand. The objective ofall this organizational toHng and fro-ing was to put NSA in position to mount a full-scale attackl l"Only after such an attack has been made," Jackson noted, "can we determine safely, in the event offailure, that the effort is hopeless and the annual expenditure offorty odd millions can be saved."14 NSA was clearly still on probation. It was a probationary period that would not end with a bang but would slowly fade away. The corner was not turned during either the Eisenhower or Kennedy administration. NSA did not come off probation until the presidency ofLyndon Baines Johnson. Ih...H·Bbl!J Vh... 'fitbl!Jfff I{:I!JYII6bl!J e6MIN'f e6H'fft6b SYB'fl!JflfS 46IN'fbY lilQ:r ~ijbI!JAS.·[BLI!J'f6 f'8ftI!:IOI
Page 2 and 3:
NO. 90,3 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC
Page 4 and 5:
'fOP !!(:FU!T tlM81b\ UNITED STATES
Page 6 and 7:
.§ Ib) (1) .~; Ib) (3) -50 USC 403
Page 8 and 9:
'fap SECRIiTjJ.MB'1t4 The Reorganiz
Page 10 and 11:
fepSEeRET~ Non - Responsive IOP3EeR
Page 12 and 13:
T6'5ECRET~ Non - Responsive iii A ;
Page 14 and 15:
TOPSEeRE~ American History, 1775-19
Page 16 and 17:
'(b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 TOP SECAr, tJM
Page 18 and 19:
--------------~ - - - -- - - TOp Si
Page 20 and 21:
Tap SECRET~RA One other wartime acc
Page 22 and 23:
TOP5iCRET~ exacted revenge over a p
Page 24 and 25:
lap 5fEftf'f ~BRA order to tighten
Page 26 and 27:
1'011 S!CRET~ Government offices on
Page 28 and 29:
Te"S!CREI~ were to continue to trai
Page 30 and 31:
:rep 'I!!!CRE I U~RA Rowlett and Wi
Page 32 and 33:
:rep Sl!eREru~ cryptanalysts, Lieut
Page 34 and 35:
liaison office had maintained an of
Page 36 and 37:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 38 and 39:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ..tOP §EERI!T~
Page 40 and 41:
~PSEeREr~ Rear Admiral Earl E. Ston
Page 42 and 43:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 44 and 45:
Analytic section, Arlington Hall St
Page 46 and 47:
lOP 5I!CREfij~RA Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P
Page 48 and 49:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 50 and 51:
George A. Brownell The Brownell Com
Page 52 and 53:
fe, 5EEREf UMBRA KOREA Ithas become
Page 54 and 55:
OPSECREi tJM8itA to sink or swim on
Page 56 and 57:
TOP SECRET liMBItA dramatic switch
Page 58 and 59:
T9P SECRET liMBIbIc When the ROK ar
Page 60 and 61:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 62 and 63:
op SECRET l::JMBRA However, encount
Page 64 and 65:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 66 and 67:
lap SECRET l:JMBRA In early 1952 mu
Page 68 and 69:
TOP SECRETtJMBItA The AFSA Factor O
Page 70 and 71:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 72 and 73:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 74 and 75:
lOP SIiEAET l::JMBRA Ib) (3) -P.L.
Page 76 and 77:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 78 and 79:
and he might have failed had he com
Page 80 and 81:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Table 2
Page 82 and 83:
--------------- - -- In 1953 a comm
Page 84 and 85:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 86 and 87:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 88 and 89:
Canine continued to strengthen the
Page 90 and 91:
~RA Arlington Hall and Nebraska Ave
Page 92 and 93:
itselfwas established concluded tha
Page 94 and 95:
hammered out an agreement which res
Page 96 and 97:
Canine thought that Navy COMINTwas
Page 98:
ofhis term as DIRNSA, it was rumore
Page 101 and 102:
leap SECRET tJMBkA system, oversigh
Page 103 and 104:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA lOP SECRET '='M
Page 105 and 106:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 107 and 108:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
Page 109 and 110:
(3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18 USC 798 Ii:!"
Page 111:
-------- ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3)-18
Page 114 and 115:
-------- (b) (1) (b) (3) OGA (1) (3
Page 116 and 117:
,Ib) (1) !Ib) (3) !OGA ,I' L t6~i~~
Page 118 and 119:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA Just\V~atwa~ la
Page 120 and 121:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 122 and 123:
Dulles was interested in HUMINT and
Page 124 and 125:
the theater and on to the United St
Page 126 and 127:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ibl(3)-
Page 128 and 129:
\ \ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 8
Page 130 and 131:
( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 132 and 133:
\ ~ ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86
Page 134 and 135:
------- ----j
Page 136 and 137:
------- /
Page 138 and 139:
OGA ( 1) ( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P
Page 140 and 141:
- -------- ~-
Page 142 and 143:
-------- (1) Ib) (3)
Page 144 and 145:
( 1) (3)-50 USC 403 3) -P.L. 86-36
Page 146 and 147:
ASA PAC in the 1940s ASA's first p(
Page 148 and 149:
~U~RA rather than to support tactic
Page 150 and 151:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 152 and 153:
The Navy site on AdakIsland in the
Page 154 and 155:
All services showed an interest in
Page 156 and 157:
intelligence collection. The best k
Page 158 and 159:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 (3) -P.
Page 160 and 161:
RC·130 Then disaster struck. On 2
Page 162 and 163:
Dulles protested the SOviet attitud
Page 164 and 165:
During the Oval Office review ofthe
Page 166 and 167:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 34. Hoover Comm
Page 168 and 169:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 81. David Kahn,
Page 170 and 171:
Hb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 119. ~A Chronol
Page 172 and 173:
Truman administration also saw the
Page 174 and 175:
(b) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 176 and 177:
-TOP SECRET tJMBRA A second outside
Page 178 and 179:
The next lead was a 1948 translatio
Page 180 and 181:
Kim Philby strikes a smug pose duri
Page 182 and 183:
cryptanalytic effort was gargantuan
Page 184 and 185:
J.... .....,jl Printer seemed to be
Page 186 and 187:
TOP SEcQriT liMBRA - (b) (1) (b)(3)
Page 188 and 189:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) 3)-
Page 190 and 191:
Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 192 and 193: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Ib) (3)
Page 194 and 195: TOP SErBi; ~MB~ - suggested by the
Page 196: -- - I :(1) (3)-50 USC 403 (3) -P.L
Page 199 and 200: Project. 54 Then, two years later,
Page 201 and 202: TRACKING SUBMARINES - THE STORY OF
Page 203 and 204: (1) Ib) (3)-50 USC 4 Ib) (3) -18 US
Page 205 and 206: .Jf'lb) (3) -P.L. 86-36 . .... ,."
Page 207 and 208: .' Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~~RA 65. NSN
Page 209 and 210: The American Navy Bombe ANavy WAVE
Page 211 and 212: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The relationshi
Page 213 and 214: the IBM Selective Sequence Calculat
Page 215 and 216: The best general-purpose computer i
Page 217 and 218: HARVEST worked after a fashion and
Page 219 and 220: The message went via HF single side
Page 221 and 222: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 Ib) (3)
Page 223 and 224: ~~ A bank ofKW·26s installed in NS
Page 225 and 226: Paper codes were archaic solutions
Page 227 and 228: The Early Years ofSecure Speech Voi
Page 229 and 230: But his memo did not actually estab
Page 231 and 232: AFSAM-7 Several different systems,
Page 235 and 236: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Thus wa
Page 237 and 238: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 36. "NSA Review
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 6 Cryptology at Mid-decade
Page 241: the country, equipped with the fine
Page 253 and 254: ecommended special decentralization
Page 255 and 256: The basic ground rule was that the
Page 257 and 258: was uninhabited, but was near a maj
Page 259 and 260: - _ .. - ------ It began with an in
Page 261 and 262: Fort Meade would be regarded as a P
Page 265 and 266: Chapter 7 The Eisenhower Reforms TH
Page 267 and 268: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 The new NSCID m
Page 269 and 270: But this, said Baker, was not the w
Page 273 and 274: Ib) (1) Ib) (3) OGA a special study
Page 277 and 278: In that year, NSAEUR, over the stre
Page 279 and 280: ------- / (1) Ib) (3) -50 USC 403 I
Page 281 and 282: Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 f9P SEeRE i ~BR
Page 283 and 284: --------------~~~~ concerns that NS
Page 285 and 286: competent authority...." Other comp
Page 287 and 288: Beginning in 1939, a series ofmagaz
Page 289 and 290: Entirely apart from the well-known
Page 291 and 292: The Petersen Case (b) (6) Joseph Sy
Page 293 and 294:
Martin and Mitchell duringtheir pre
Page 295 and 296:
equired considerable planning, and
Page 297 and 298:
Ib) (3) -P.L. 86-36 ~U~RA 8. Davids
Page 299 and 300:
64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Ibid. 67. I
show all

American Cryptology during the Cold War - The Black Vault

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?