Handbook for Bridge Inspections - TSP2

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Completion Surveys & Major Inspections ECP measurements are not normally taken in these instances. The need for such tests during a main inspection will be init iallyassessed on the basis of visual observati ons and the resul ts of the tests both of the depth of carbonisation and the chloride c ontent. Special Inspections EC P measurements should be conducted as per special instructions and should be verified by cutti ng into the concrete. Refer to Chapter 7.3.8. The chloride content, depth of carbonising and cover should all be measured at the place where the concrete is cut inlo. Advantages and Disadvantages • FigWl? 7.3-7: Takil/g ECP AI eusu rem e illS Equipment Figure 7.3-8: Drillil/g Ollt (I Concrete Core Methods This method is easy to use, non-destructive and rel"tively quick with the resu lt that large secti ons can be checked. It can provide a satisfactory picture of the cond ition of the reinforce ment at any given moment. The risk of corrosion can be detectetd during an earl ier phase before visible damage becomes obvious. People possessing professional competence should be used both for site work and the interpretation of the results. The method does not record the speed of the corrosion process. ECP Equipment: • Metering electrodes • Voltmeter • Cables • Data recorder Other: • Spray bottle for moistening concrete • Device for measuring the cover • Clips for mak ing contact wilh the reinforcement • Chalk • Wire brush 7.3.5 Determining the level of Strength To detennine the compressive strength of hardened concrete should, for example, below standard concrete be suspected. Compressive strength can be determined by, amongst other things: • Pressure testing of concrete cores dri lled out • Jackhammer Pressure testing of concrete cores drilled 0 ut Procedures Advantages and Di sadvantages Reference is made to the Norwegian Public Roads Admini stration Handbook No. 015: "On Site Testing" for the drilliog Oul of concrete cores, and to the Nat ional Public Roads Administration Handbook No. 014: " Laboratory Test ing" fo r pressure testing the concrete cores. This methods produces precise pressure test val ues for the cores in question, but does req uire expensive equipment and is to be consi-
dered time consuming. This is a destructive method; one has to take care du ring the dri ll ing process so as to avoid damaging the reinforcement. Core dril ling in pre-stressed concrete bridge elements should be carried out only in special situations. Equipment * Core drilling equipment * Materials and equipment fo r refilling the hol es * Pressure testing device Rebound Hammer Procedures Reference is made to the Norwegian Public Roads Administration Handbook No. 0 15: "On Site Testing", Method No. 15.544. Figure 7,3-9: Measurillg the Compressive Strength o/ Col/crete !lsillg a Rebowui flammer Equipment This is an extremely speedy, simple and cheap method. However, the test results are very inaccurate because of a great deal ofuncertainty about them. Nevertheless the results can be used to obtain a picture of how the compressive strength can vary in different ele-. ments. Values can be obtained only for a concrete surface. * Schmidt hammer or pendulum hammer General Scope The strength level of concrete is rarely lower than that used as a basis at the design stage. Generally speaking the need for compressive strength testi ng does not arise during routine inspections. Acceptance Inspections and Major Inspections Determining compressive strength is not usual ly carried out. Special Inspections Determining compressive strength may be necessary should the load bearing capacity be too low, and verification of the actual strength can benefit the calculati ons. Purpose Procedures 7.3.6 Structural Analysis To determine the structure of the concrete by analysi ng the results of Plane Ractify ing and/or of Thin Section Method to discover amongst other things the reason for any damage, e.g. alka li reactive aggregate. Concrete structures will be analysed using surface gri nding or fine grinding depending on the purpose of the analysis. Both types of anal ysis are carried out in a laboratory on drilled out cores. Plane Ractifying A concrete core is sawn along its central axis, burnished and surface treated. Surface grinding providcs the following information: * The \VIc ratio
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Norwegian Public Roads Administrati
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Copyright Copyright © 2000-01-1 2
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Foreword Inspections of hridges are
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5.4 Damage Eva luation 5.4.1 Primar
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9.3.8 9.3.9 9.3. 10 9.3. 11 9.4 Sto
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1. Inspection of Bridges Guidel ine
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2 TERMINOLOGY Location System 2.1 T
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Hangers / ® ® 23456189 Suspension
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Figure 2. 1-9: Example of a Reflecl
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3 Planning of Inspection Planning P
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3.5 Inspection Resources and Safety
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4. Inspection Tools & Access Equipm
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4.1.3 Inspection Tools for General
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4.1 .5 Inspection Tools for Special
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The site conditions may decide whic
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king load capacity of at least 300
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Work Diagram for Bridge Lift ,....
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When inspecting suspension bridges,
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Suspended Working Platform Also sus
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5 Damage Evaluation Fundamentals 5.
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207 Leakage/dampness of concrete el
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501 Settlement of timber element
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809 Olher damage to the drain syste
Page 50 and 51: These effects are presented in orde
Page 52 and 53: The Development o f Damage It is im
Page 54 and 55: Whatever types of damage are observ
Page 56 and 57: 5.6 Cause(s) of Damage The most com
Page 58 and 59: 49 Other insufficient maintenance 5
Page 60 and 61: 6 Carrying out Inspections Ba sis o
Page 62 and 63: o Fig ure 6.1- 1: Honeycombing * Ho
Page 64 and 65: 6.2.2 Visual Checking The visual in
Page 66 and 67: Stone Elements • Serious settleme
Page 68 and 69: Parapets * Deformation due to traff
Page 70 and 71: • Damage to slope protection •
Page 72 and 73: • Cracks in timber members • Sp
Page 74 and 75: • Discoloration • Loose or lack
Page 76 and 77: load Bearing Cables • Broken stra
Page 78 and 79: * Damage to the surface treatment F
Page 80 and 81: Stone Elements Steel Elements Timbe
Page 82 and 83: 6.8 Maintenance Measures - Extent o
Page 84 and 85: 7 Surveys, Materials Tests & Instru
Page 86 and 87: All the measurements and materials
Page 88 and 89: Procedures Scope Equipment The thi
Page 90 and 91: Procedures Scope Sag is measured us
Page 92 and 93: grouting gun pushed all the way to
Page 94 and 95: 7.3.2 Measuring the Depth of Carbon
Page 96 and 97: * The density of the concrete in re
Page 98 and 99: Any dust should be extracted using
Page 102 and 103: • Homogeneity of the binding agen
Page 104 and 105: Procedures In most cases it is suff
Page 106 and 107: Figure 7.3-17 E.wmpleQJRlIsl Level
Page 108 and 109: " ~ ~ ~ • E E u B ~ ~ u '" ~ 0
Page 110 and 111: Superstructure Surfaces most expose
Page 112 and 113: The sound waves can be transmitted
Page 114 and 115: Procedures The compress ive strengt
Page 116 and 117: Figllre 7.7-2: Thicklless ofSllrfac
Page 118 and 119: 8 Reporting the Results of Inspecti
Page 120 and 121: After carrying out a major inspecti
Page 122 and 123: 4.5 Statistical Background 4.6 Subm
Page 124 and 125: 8.5 Materials Testing As with measu
Page 126 and 127: Drilling cores In this instance an
Page 128 and 129: ECP-Measurements For the presentati
Page 130 and 131: 9 DAMAGE EVALU ATION CATALOGUE Th
Page 132 and 133: 9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 101. Sub
Page 134 and 135: 102. Obstruction of Waterway 9.1 EL
Page 136 and 137: 9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 103. Sco
Page 138 and 139: 9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND Original
Page 140 and 141: 9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND Example
Page 142 and 143: 9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 104. Ina
Page 144: 9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 109. Oth
Page 147 and 148: 9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 201 Settlemen
Page 149 and 150: 9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 202 Movement
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 203 Deformati
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS Example 9.2-7
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS Serious crack
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 205 Ruptures
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 206 Damage to
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 207 LeakagesJ
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Handbook for Bridge Inspections - TSP2

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