Handbook for Bridge Inspections - TSP2

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49 Other insufficient maintenance 5 Environment 51 Chloride loading 52 Sulphate attack 53 Carbonation impact 54 55 56 57 58 59 Leaching Frost attack Abrasion Biological attack Chemical attack Other environmental attacks accordance with regulations/procedures • From de-icing salt, sea or other salty source. • Deterioration due to sulfatic acids or materials • Reaction between the carbon dioxide in the air and the lime in the building material. Reduction of the concrete's ability to protect the reinforcement against corrosion. • When calcium is washed out of the concrete and deposits as lime on the surface. • Freeze/thaw cycles that may cause sl'all ing. Happens normally with porous conc rete. • Wearing or grinding away of surface material by water or traffic • C.g. fungi, maggots • e.g. acids etc. 6 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7 71 72 73 74 75 76 79 Live Loads Traffic loads Soil pressure Impact from currents Wind impact Ice impact Temperature Shrinkage/Creeping Impact from overloads on wearing surface Other loadings Accidents Vehicular impact damage Impact caused by vessels Flooding Landslide! Avalanche/Rockslides Explosion Fire attack Other accidents • Damage caused by loads from traffic • Damage caused by soil pressure • Damage caused by pressure from flowing water • Damage caused by wind pressure. • Damage caused by ice pressure. • Damage caused by temperature changes • Time dependent effects which can result in cracking (shrinkage) and deformation (creep) • Damage of wearing surface caused by overloads. • Damage daused by vehicles. • Damage caused by vessels when navigable water under the bridge. • Damage caused by flood. • Damage caused by landslide/avalanche/rockslides • Damage caused by explosion • Damage caused by fire.
8 8 1 82 83 84 89 Damage Incurred In Service Normal wear and tear Consequential/secondary damage Impact damage from snow removal equipment Vandalism Other cause to incurred in service damage e.g. in the wearing course, surface treatmen t etc. e.g. de formation of the superstructure due to settlement, discoloration from leaks and moisture etc .. • Damage caused by snow ploughs, graders or other snow removal tools. • Damage caused by vandalism 9 Other/U nknown Cause of Damage
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Norwegian Public Roads Administrati
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Copyright Copyright © 2000-01-1 2
Page 6:
Foreword Inspections of hridges are
Page 9 and 10: 5.4 Damage Eva luation 5.4.1 Primar
Page 11 and 12: 9.3.8 9.3.9 9.3. 10 9.3. 11 9.4 Sto
Page 13 and 14: 1. Inspection of Bridges Guidel ine
Page 16 and 17: 2 TERMINOLOGY Location System 2.1 T
Page 18 and 19: Hangers / ® ® 23456189 Suspension
Page 20 and 21: Figure 2. 1-9: Example of a Reflecl
Page 22 and 23: 3 Planning of Inspection Planning P
Page 24 and 25: 3.5 Inspection Resources and Safety
Page 26 and 27: 4. Inspection Tools & Access Equipm
Page 28 and 29: 4.1.3 Inspection Tools for General
Page 30 and 31: 4.1 .5 Inspection Tools for Special
Page 32 and 33: The site conditions may decide whic
Page 34 and 35: king load capacity of at least 300
Page 36 and 37: Work Diagram for Bridge Lift ,....
Page 38 and 39: When inspecting suspension bridges,
Page 40 and 41: Suspended Working Platform Also sus
Page 42 and 43: 5 Damage Evaluation Fundamentals 5.
Page 44 and 45: 207 Leakage/dampness of concrete el
Page 46 and 47: 501 Settlement of timber element
Page 48 and 49: 809 Olher damage to the drain syste
Page 50 and 51: These effects are presented in orde
Page 52 and 53: The Development o f Damage It is im
Page 54 and 55: Whatever types of damage are observ
Page 56 and 57: 5.6 Cause(s) of Damage The most com
Page 60 and 61: 6 Carrying out Inspections Ba sis o
Page 62 and 63: o Fig ure 6.1- 1: Honeycombing * Ho
Page 64 and 65: 6.2.2 Visual Checking The visual in
Page 66 and 67: Stone Elements • Serious settleme
Page 68 and 69: Parapets * Deformation due to traff
Page 70 and 71: • Damage to slope protection •
Page 72 and 73: • Cracks in timber members • Sp
Page 74 and 75: • Discoloration • Loose or lack
Page 76 and 77: load Bearing Cables • Broken stra
Page 78 and 79: * Damage to the surface treatment F
Page 80 and 81: Stone Elements Steel Elements Timbe
Page 82 and 83: 6.8 Maintenance Measures - Extent o
Page 84 and 85: 7 Surveys, Materials Tests & Instru
Page 86 and 87: All the measurements and materials
Page 88 and 89: Procedures Scope Equipment The thi
Page 90 and 91: Procedures Scope Sag is measured us
Page 92 and 93: grouting gun pushed all the way to
Page 94 and 95: 7.3.2 Measuring the Depth of Carbon
Page 96 and 97: * The density of the concrete in re
Page 98 and 99: Any dust should be extracted using
Page 100 and 101: Completion Surveys & Major Inspecti
Page 102 and 103: • Homogeneity of the binding agen
Page 104 and 105: Procedures In most cases it is suff
Page 106 and 107: Figure 7.3-17 E.wmpleQJRlIsl Level
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" ~ ~ ~ • E E u B ~ ~ u '" ~ 0
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Superstructure Surfaces most expose
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The sound waves can be transmitted
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Procedures The compress ive strengt
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Figllre 7.7-2: Thicklless ofSllrfac
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8 Reporting the Results of Inspecti
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After carrying out a major inspecti
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4.5 Statistical Background 4.6 Subm
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8.5 Materials Testing As with measu
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Drilling cores In this instance an
Page 128 and 129:
ECP-Measurements For the presentati
Page 130 and 131:
9 DAMAGE EVALU ATION CATALOGUE Th
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 101. Sub
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102. Obstruction of Waterway 9.1 EL
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 103. Sco
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND Original
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND Example
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 104. Ina
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 109. Oth
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 201 Settlemen
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 202 Movement
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 203 Deformati
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS Example 9.2-7
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS Serious crack
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 205 Ruptures
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 206 Damage to
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 207 LeakagesJ
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Handbook for Bridge Inspections - TSP2

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