Handbook for Bridge Inspections - TSP2

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6 Carrying out Inspections Ba sis of BRUTUS Internationa l Any re levant reports and possibly also drawings should be examined before carrying out an inspection with the exception of in formal inspections. The access and safety equipment required for carrying out a specific inspection should be detailed in the BMS. For those bridges recorded in the BMS according 10 given axes inspection forms should incorporate their elements and the corresponding axes, -numbers. The inspection should begin with the lowest axis and progress in ascending order of axis number. In the absence of classificalion by axis number in the BMS the inspector should assess whether this should be introduced. Systematic Checks 11 is imporlant to inspect bridges in sllch a way that all clemen Is are checked in a systematic fashion. The following example shows the possible order in which the elements of a standard, large bridge could be checked: I. Ground 2. Substructural elements accessible from land 3. Sub and superstructural elements requiring a bridge lift for inspection purposes. 4. Elements belonging to the superstructure which can be in spec ted from the bridge or the ground 5. Deck, wearing course and accessories However, the use o f a bridge lift must be assessed in the light of the above sequence. Measurementsf M ateria Is Testing Pupose of an Inspection These can be undertaken at the same time as visual checking or be clearly detailed so that someone else can carry them Ollt. Ifmeasurements and materials testing have already been planned in advance of an inspection, these should be specially assessed and adapted to the findings of the visual check. The purpose of the different inspections is described in Chapter B in the "Guidelines fo r the Management of Bridges, whi lst the fo l lowing chapters provide a more detailed description of how the inspections themselves wi ll be carried Ollt. Handbook for Bridge Inspections 59
6.1 Acceptance Inspection 6.1.1 Scope An Acceptance Inspection incorporates a visual check of the entire bridge including any underwater foundati ons - please refer to Chapler 6.6. Cables and their hangers should also be checked for suspension and cable-stayed bridges - see Chapter 6.5. Acceptance Inspections should be supplemented by measurements and materials testing - referto Table 7. 1-\ and Chapters 7.2 - 7.7. One must be fully aware of the: "Should the owner not advise any faults di scovered during the forma l acceptance procedures, or which ought to have been discovered as a result of a customary careful inspection, he cannot then later plead ignorance of them," Damage, faults and defects should be recorded along with their location. Refer to Chapter 7.1 concerning how to draw up the relevant reports. 6.1 .2 Visual Checking This should be carried out at close quarters as described i n Chapter 6.4.2 and should incorporate as a minimum the points lis ted below for indi vidual elements. Please refer to Chapter 9 'Detailed Li st of Categories of Damage' for the assessment of damage. The Ground Concrete El ements * Subsidence of embankment close to abutments, piers and columns * Erosion of in fill close to abutments or supports caused by rain water aC l'ion. * Materials used for ballast are of the prescribed type • The banks and/or the protection facilities against erosi on com ply with the description * Green/planted areas are as ori ginally proposed * Surrounding areas have been returned to their original condition • Clearing up operations have been carried out satisfactorily • Settlement of abutments, piers etc. • Deformation - the shape of the element is correct, e.g. straight ness/evenness, clearance, defl ection etc. • Unacceptable hair-cracks/cracks * Satisfactory quality - thickness, binding agents, evenlless, con struction - as well as the colour of the surface treatment • Unacceptable discolorati on due to leaks, dampness impact, cal cium deposits. • Insufficient/damaged surface treatment • Honeycombing or delaminati on • Spalling due to mechanical impact • Construction of the concrete's surface is as described • Formwork removed both from above and below water level • Nail s and fo rm work stays removed 60 Handbook for Bridge Inspections
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Norwegian Public Roads Administrati
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Copyright Copyright © 2000-01-1 2
Page 6:
Foreword Inspections of hridges are
Page 9 and 10: 5.4 Damage Eva luation 5.4.1 Primar
Page 11 and 12: 9.3.8 9.3.9 9.3. 10 9.3. 11 9.4 Sto
Page 13 and 14: 1. Inspection of Bridges Guidel ine
Page 16 and 17: 2 TERMINOLOGY Location System 2.1 T
Page 18 and 19: Hangers / ® ® 23456189 Suspension
Page 20 and 21: Figure 2. 1-9: Example of a Reflecl
Page 22 and 23: 3 Planning of Inspection Planning P
Page 24 and 25: 3.5 Inspection Resources and Safety
Page 26 and 27: 4. Inspection Tools & Access Equipm
Page 28 and 29: 4.1.3 Inspection Tools for General
Page 30 and 31: 4.1 .5 Inspection Tools for Special
Page 32 and 33: The site conditions may decide whic
Page 34 and 35: king load capacity of at least 300
Page 36 and 37: Work Diagram for Bridge Lift ,....
Page 38 and 39: When inspecting suspension bridges,
Page 40 and 41: Suspended Working Platform Also sus
Page 42 and 43: 5 Damage Evaluation Fundamentals 5.
Page 44 and 45: 207 Leakage/dampness of concrete el
Page 46 and 47: 501 Settlement of timber element
Page 48 and 49: 809 Olher damage to the drain syste
Page 50 and 51: These effects are presented in orde
Page 52 and 53: The Development o f Damage It is im
Page 54 and 55: Whatever types of damage are observ
Page 56 and 57: 5.6 Cause(s) of Damage The most com
Page 58 and 59: 49 Other insufficient maintenance 5
Page 62 and 63: o Fig ure 6.1- 1: Honeycombing * Ho
Page 64 and 65: 6.2.2 Visual Checking The visual in
Page 66 and 67: Stone Elements • Serious settleme
Page 68 and 69: Parapets * Deformation due to traff
Page 70 and 71: • Damage to slope protection •
Page 72 and 73: • Cracks in timber members • Sp
Page 74 and 75: • Discoloration • Loose or lack
Page 76 and 77: load Bearing Cables • Broken stra
Page 78 and 79: * Damage to the surface treatment F
Page 80 and 81: Stone Elements Steel Elements Timbe
Page 82 and 83: 6.8 Maintenance Measures - Extent o
Page 84 and 85: 7 Surveys, Materials Tests & Instru
Page 86 and 87: All the measurements and materials
Page 88 and 89: Procedures Scope Equipment The thi
Page 90 and 91: Procedures Scope Sag is measured us
Page 92 and 93: grouting gun pushed all the way to
Page 94 and 95: 7.3.2 Measuring the Depth of Carbon
Page 96 and 97: * The density of the concrete in re
Page 98 and 99: Any dust should be extracted using
Page 100 and 101: Completion Surveys & Major Inspecti
Page 102 and 103: • Homogeneity of the binding agen
Page 104 and 105: Procedures In most cases it is suff
Page 106 and 107: Figure 7.3-17 E.wmpleQJRlIsl Level
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Superstructure Surfaces most expose
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The sound waves can be transmitted
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Procedures The compress ive strengt
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Figllre 7.7-2: Thicklless ofSllrfac
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8 Reporting the Results of Inspecti
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After carrying out a major inspecti
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4.5 Statistical Background 4.6 Subm
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8.5 Materials Testing As with measu
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Drilling cores In this instance an
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ECP-Measurements For the presentati
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9 DAMAGE EVALU ATION CATALOGUE Th
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 101. Sub
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102. Obstruction of Waterway 9.1 EL
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 103. Sco
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND Original
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND Example
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 104. Ina
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9.1 ELEMENTS IN THE GROUND 109. Oth
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 201 Settlemen
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 202 Movement
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 203 Deformati
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS Example 9.2-7
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS Serious crack
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 205 Ruptures
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 206 Damage to
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9.2 CONCRETE ELEMENTS 207 LeakagesJ
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Handbook for Bridge Inspections - TSP2

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