December 2012 Number 1 - Utah Native Plant Society

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Utah Native Plant Society ing the distant relationship between it and the other Phacelia samples. This was a consequence of the large number of AFLP bands that were polymorphic between P. crenulata and the other three species (Table 1). PCA was then used to analyze the relationships between P. argylensis, P. glandulosa, and P. argillacea. The first two principal components represented 9.2 and 7.2% of the total variation. The P. argillacea samples clearly grouped separately from samples of the other two species (Figure 2). In contrast, P. argylensis grouped closely with the herbarium-collected P. glandulosa group, calling its status as a separate species into question. The field-collected western Colorado P. glandulosa was most distant from the herbarium-collected P. glandulosa group, as was also indicated by the large number of polymorphic bands between these two sets of collections, suggesting that it perhaps represents an undescribed taxon within the group (Table 1). When PCA was applied to data from the P. argillacea samples from both populations and among different years, the first two principal components, which explained 7.5 and 2.9% of the total variation, provided enough separation to compare populations and years (Figure 3). The resulting data grouped each sample with cohorts from the same year more closely than by population. For example, there was no overlap between Tucker 2006 samples and the 2004 and 2008 samples from the same population. Similarly, there was no overlap between Railroad 2008 samples and the 2006 and 2007 samples of the same population. In addition, individuals from the Railroad population were surrounded Figure 2. Scores on the first two axes from Principal Components Analysis of AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) data for three species of Phacelia. The P. glandulosa point near the lower left hand corner of the graph represents two bulked field-collected samples from closely adjacent populations; all other points represent individual plants, or multiple individuals with identical genotypes. 130
Calochortiana December 2012 Number 1 Figure 3. Scores on the first two axes from Principal Components Analysis of AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) data for P. argillacea individuals collected from each of two populations in each of three years. by Tucker individuals on the plot, showing no clear genetic differentiation between the two populations. PCA was also used to differentiate the greenhousegrown half-sib individuals from Tucker 2004. The first two principal components, even though they explained only 3.4 and 1.7% of the total variation, generally separated the samples into their respective families (Figure 4). The graphs indicate that members of half-sib families tend to resemble each other more closely than samples belonging to different half-sib families. DISCUSSION Although the AFLP marker system is not well suited for phylogenetic analysis per se, it is useful for examining the degree of genetic distinctness among closely related populations and species. In this study, PCA analysis of the AFLP bands suggests that P. argillacea is distinct from both its closest congeners (P. argylensis and P. glandulosa). Additionally, these results indicated that P. argylensis is more closely related to P. glandulosa than is P. argillacea, and may not be distinct from P. glandulosa. Our analysis also suggests that the differences within P. glandulosa as presently described may be greater than the differences between P. glandulosa and P. argillacea. A close examination of the population that was the source of the field-collected P. glandulosa samples from western Colorado may reveal that these samples represent a distinct and previously undescribed taxon. The AFLP analysis revealed that P. argillacea appears to have a surprising amount of genetic diversity for a species of such limited distribution. Of the total polymorphic bands encountered, 24%, or 30 bands, were polymorphic just within P. argillacea. These polymorphisms were distributed within populations, as there were no polymorphic bands between the Tucker and Railroad populations, and the PCA showed no distinct pattern by population. Instead, the PCA of P. 131
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December 2012 Number 1 - Utah Native Plant Society

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