December 2012 Number 1 - Utah Native Plant Society

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Utah Native Plant Society Table 2. List of 24 morphological characters and their abbreviations used in the 153 specimen Palantia PCoA. Two were constant (C: calyxd, calyxo) and not used in the PCoA, parsimony or cluster analysis. One (O: calyxs) was not used due to the finding that it was variable on the same plant (and within most calyces). For a list of character states for the characters below, see Appendix 2. Characters were coded as multistate continuous variation (R), binary state (B), or multistate (M). 1. Adaxial leaflet pubescence (Leafad) M 2. Abaxial leaflet pubescence (Leafab) M 3. Leaf and stem hair length (leafh) R 4. Leaflet number (leafn) M 5. Inflorescence length in flower (inflw) R 6. Calyx tube length (calyxl) R 7. Calyx pubescence density (calyxd) M, C 8. Calyx teeth shape (calyxs) M, O 9. Calyx teeth orientation (calyxo) M, C 10. Keel length (keell) R 11. Keel color (keelc) M 12. Banner color (bannc) M 13. Inflorescence length in fruit (infr) R 14. Pod pedicel orientation (podpo) M 15. Pod length X width ratio (podr) R 16. Pod deciduous or persistent (poddp) B 17. Pod shape, longitudinal section (podsl) M 18. Pod shape, cross section (podsc) M 19. Pod orientation on raceme (podro) M 20. Pod orientation, degree of pod incurve (podpi) R 21. Pod inflation (podin) M 22. Pod valve texture (podt) M 23. Pod pubescence (podpu) M 24. Pod valve color (podvc) M scarcely inflated, unilocular, leathery, deciduous pods), and not to members of Section Inflati (4-6 base pair divergence; Alexander, unpublished data, Wojciechowski et al. 1993, 1999). The ITS sequence data suggest that a deciduous, unilocular, leathery, scarcely inflated pod is the putative ancestral state in this complex. Based, in part, on these data, members of Section Argophylli were used as outgroups for chloroplast haplotype analyses in Knaus (2008). Taxa in other putatively closely related sections (Section Monoenses Barneby, Section Cystiella Barneby, Section Circumdati (M.E. Jones) Barneby, or Section Platytropides Barneby; all of which have taxa with inflated pods) have not been fully investigated in molecular analyses. The selection of any member of Section Argophylli as an outgroup automatically polarizes the ancestral state of the group as a unilocular or partially bilocular, scarcely inflated, deciduous pod. In addition, haplotypes within the Argophylli sampled by Knaus (2008) were found to be nearly twenty steps more distant from the haplotypes examined in the Palantia. Finding that A. lentiginosus var. iodanthus and A. lentiginosus var. pseudiodanthus (both of which have been universally delimited as species until Alexander 2009), are not highly genetically or morphologically distinct from A. lentiginosus is a problem for outgroup selection in this study, primarily with the parsimony analysis and the genetic analyses (Alexander & Liston, in prep). The terminal taxa in this study are also not recognized at the species level, which violates assumptions in parsimony analyses. As a result, robust phylogenetic conclusions cannot be made with these data. Instead, the cladistic analyses were used to investigate patterns of character state changes within the Palantia. Astragalus lentiginosus var. iodanthus, and A. lentiginosus var. pseudiodanthus were selected as outgroups based on their relatively greater genetic and morphologic distance from the Palantia based on the results from Alexander (2008), Knaus (2008), and Alexander & Liston (in prep). Even if the inflated varieties related to A. lentiginosus var. yuccanus were used as outgroups for the Palantia, the morphological trends discussed herein would not change (see Figures 5-8) since the major clades of the Palantia would still be split in two clades. More thorough molecular analyses of species potentially closely related to Section Diphysi (with both inflated and scarcely inflated pods) are needed before a robust molecular and morphological phylogenetic study, with a satisfactory outgroup, can be attempted. Despite this, conclusions of the taxonomic status of Astragalus lentiginosus var. maricopae and A. lentiginosus var. ursinus can be made. The results of the PCoA analyses and the genetic analyses (Alexander & Liston, in prep) indicate that species level delimitations for many of the Palantia have much weaker support than previously thought by Alexander (2005). Astragalus 140
Calochortiana December 2012 Number 1 Table 3. Results of the 153 specimen Palantia PCoA. This analysis used 21 variable characters. Each is listed in the Kendall rank correlations below. Eigenvalues 1 2 1.36 0.72 Percent of Total Variance Explained 22.06 11.75 Kendall rank correlations and probabilities (between PCoA coordinates and morphological characters, significance of p
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Species # Training Samples Calochor
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Pot Score Min Score Trend Threat In
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December 2012 Number 1 - Utah Native Plant Society

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