December 2012 Number 1 - Utah Native Plant Society

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Utah Native Plant Society matic increases in the number of reproductively mature individuals on the south-facing slopes of cinder cones in the vicinity of Sunset Crater and Indian Flat (J.D. Springer, personal observations, 2008 and 2009). Although some P. clutei populations contain hundreds or thousands of individuals, populations are often widely dispersed, and there are a few major threats that could jeopardize this species in the future. The entire range of P. clutei has not yet been mapped; however, a large portion of its known range falls within the Cinder Hills OHV (off-highway vehicle) area (Figure 1). Most of this area is not fenced and OHV use spills outside the boundaries shown in the map. Although P. clutei appears to benefit from disturbance, whether disturbance is beneficial or detrimental depends on the type of disturbance and the amount of impact. No quantifiable data has yet been collected on the impacts of OHV activity on this species, but anecdotal evidence points to OHVs as a direct factor in adult P. clutei mortality (J.D. Springer, personal observations, 2008). OHV activity causes above- and belowground soil impacts, resulting in decreased soil moisture, increased soil bulk density, and increased water infiltration time, which have been shown to negatively impact plant species in the area, such as ponderosa pine (Kennedy 2005). While OHV use and impacts can be controlled, potential negative changes to P. clutei habitat from climate change cannot. Climate models predict a more arid climate in the southwestern U.S. in the coming decades (Seager et al. 2007). This species already lives in a harsh environment, and any major decreases in available soil moisture could significantly impact its long-term viability. Additional threats include potential hybridization with other Penstemon species brought to the area for horticulture or highway revegetation purposes, herbivory, insect damage and urban expansion. Determining the long-term population dynamics of this species is integral to future conservation management planning and points out the direct need for longterm monitoring, particularly in the face of potential climate change and unmanaged OHV use in the center of its habitat. Teasing out whether P. clutei population declines occur from disturbance, absence of disturbance, senescence, competition, drought, climate change, interactive effects, or other as yet undetermined factors will be critical for understanding future conservation and management needs for this species. ACKNOWLDEGMENTS We thank Deb Crisp, Barb Phillips, and Frank Thomas (Coconino National Forest), Steve Rosenstock (Arizona Game and Fish Department), Paul Whitefield (National Park Service), and Susie Smith (Northern Arizona University) for their assistance in gathering locations and for their input on ecology and experimental design; Scott Abella (UNLV and Public Lands Institute) and Nancy Brian (National Park Service) for their review of the manuscript; and Joe Crouse, Mark Daniels, Chris McGlone, Mike Stoddard, Chelsea Green, Cat McGowan, Don Normandin and students and staff of the Ecological Restoration Institute at Northern Arizona University for assistance with data collection, mapping, greenhouse study maintenance and statistical analysis. LITERATURE CITED Abella, S.R. 2008. Plant recruitment in a northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest: testing seed- and leaf litter-limitation hypotheses. Pp. 119-127 in Olberding, Susan D., and Moore, Margaret M., tech coords. 2008. Fort Valley Experimental Forest—A Century of Research 1908-2008. Proceedings RMRS-P-53CD. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 408 p. Abella, S.R. and W.W. Covington. 2006. Forest ecosystems of an Arizona Pinus ponderosa landscape: multifactor classification and implications for ecological restoration. Journal of Biogeography. 33: 1368-1383. Arizona Game and Fish Department. 2003. Penstemon clutei. Unpublished abstract compiled and edited by the Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. 5 pp. Bateman, Gary C. 1980. Natural Resource Survey and Analysis of Sunset Crater and Wupatki National Monuments. Final Report (Phase III). Prepared for the Office of Natural Resources Management, Southwest Region, National Park Service. Clokey, I.W. and D.D. Keck. 1939. Reconsideration of certain members of Penstemon subsection spectabilis. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science. 38: 8-13. Coomes, D.A. and P.J. Grubb. 2000. Impacts of Root Competition in Forests and Woodlands: A Theoretical Framework and Review of Experiments. Ecological Monographs. 70(2): 171-207. Crisp, D.L. 1996. Monitoring of Penstemon clutei A. Nels. on tornado salvage. In USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-283, pp. 243-246. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. Doak, D.F., D. Thomson, and E.S. Jules. 2002. Population Viability Analysis for Plants: Understanding the Demographic Consequence of Seed Banks for Population Health. In: Steven R. Beissinger and Dale R. McCullough, Eds. Population Viability Analysis. University of Chicago Press. Fulé, P.Z., J.D. Springer, D.W. Huffman, and W.W. Covington. 2001. Response of a rare endemic, Penstemon clutei, to burning and reduced belowground competition. Pp 139-152 in Maschinski. J., and L. Holter 170
Calochortiana December 2012 Number 1 (tech. coords.), Proceedings: Third Rare and Endangered Plant Conference. Proceedings RMRS-P-23. Goodwin, G. 1979. Observations on Penstemon clutei on the Coconino National Forest. Unpublished report on file at Supervisor's Office, Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, AZ. 7 pp. Heidel, B. and J.S. Shelly. 2001. The Effects of Fire on Lemhi Penstemon (Penstemon lemhiensis) – Final Monitoring Report 1995-2000. Montana Natural Heritage Program. Prepared for Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest and Dillon Field Office – Bureau of Land Management. Kennedy, K.J. 2005. Above- and belowground impacts of off-road vehicles negatively affect establishment of a dominant forest tree. Master’s thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. 39 pp. Lesica, P. 1995. Demography of Astragalus scaphoides and effects of herbivory on population growth. Great Basin Naturalist. 55(2): 142-150. Lesica, P., R. Yurkewycz, and E.E. Crone. 2006. Rare plants are common where you find them. American Journal of Botany. 93(3): 454-459. Meyer, S.E., and S.G. Kitchen. 1992. Cyclic seed dormancy in the short-lived perennial Penstemon palmeri. Journal of Ecology 80: 115-122. Meyer, S.E., S.G. Kitchen and S.L. Carlson. 1995. Seed germination timing patterns in intermountain Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae). American Journal of Botany. 82(3): 377-389. Miller, G., N. Ambos, P. Boness, D. Reyher, G. Robertson, K. Scalzone, R. Steinke and T. Subirge. 1995. Terrestrial ecosystems survey of the Coconino National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region. Milne, M.M. 1979. The effects of burning, root trenching, and shading on mineral soil nutrients in southwestern ponderosa pine. Master’s thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. Nagiller, S. 1992. Untitled report of prescribed burning results on file at Elden Ranger District, Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, AZ. 2 pp. NatureServe. 2009. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http:// www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: May 27, 2009 ). Nelson, A. 1927. A new Penstemon from Arizona. American Botanist. 33: 109-110. Phillips, A. M. III, M. B. Murov, and R. J. van Ommeren. 1992. Distribution and ecology of Sunset Crater beard tongue (Penstemon clutei) in the Cinder Hills area, Coconino National Forest, Arizona. Unpublished report on file at the Supervisor's Office, Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Arizona. 11 pp. Seager, R., M. Ting, I. Held, Y. Kushnir, J. Lu, G. Vecchi, H. Huang, N. Harnik, A. Leetmaa, N. Lau, C. Li, J. Velez, and N. Naik. 2007. Model Projections of an Imminent Transition to a More Arid Climate in Southwestern North America. Science. 316(5828): 1181- 1184. Selmants, P.C. and S.C. Hart. 2008. Substrate age and tree islands influence carbon and nitrogen dynamics across a retrogressive semiarid chronosequence. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 22, GB1021, doi: 10.1029/2007GB003062, 2008. Ter Heedt, G.N.J., G.L. Verwiej, R.M. Bekker and J.P. Bakker. 1996. An improved method for seed-bank analysis: seedling emergence after removing the soil by sieving. Functional Ecology. 10(1): 144-151. Wolfe, A.D., Q. Ziang and S.R. Kephart. 1998. Assessing hybridization in natural populations of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) using hypervariable intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) bands. Molecular Ecology. 7:1107-1125. Wolfe, A.D., C.P. Randle, S.L. Datwyler, J.J. Morawetz, N. Arguedas and J. Diaz. 2006. Phylogeny, taxonomic affinities and biogeography of Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) based on ITS and cpDNA sequence data. American Journal of Botany. 93(11): 1699-1713. 171
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December 2012 Number 1 - Utah Native Plant Society

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