Review

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«“√ “√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡¢. ªï∑’Ë 39 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 15
—°π”„À⥒‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈åæ◊ (Chaudhury et al., 1995)
°“√„â “√‡§¡’‚æ≈’‡Õ∑’≈’π‰°≈§Õ≈ (polyethylene glycol
À√◊Õ PEG) (Weissinger, 1992) °“√„⇢Á¡©’¥
(microinjection) (Õ“√’¬å «√—≠꟫—≤π°å, 2541) °“√„â
‡§√◊ËÕ߬‘ßÕπÿ¿“§ (particle gun bombardment À√◊Õ
microprojectile bombardment) (Gordon-Kamm
et al., 1990) °“√„â‡∑§π‘§‰ÕÕÕπ∫’¡ (ion beam) „π
°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‡¢â“ Ÿàæ◊ (Yu et al., 1993) √«¡∂÷ß “¡“√∂
π”‡∑§π‘§‰ÕÕÕπ∫’¡æ≈—ßß“πµË”¡“„â„π°“√ àß∂à“¬
æ≈“ ¡‘¥ ¥’ ‡ÕÁπ ‡Õ (plasmid DNA) ‡¢â“ Ÿà·∫§∑’‡√’¬
(Anuntalabhochai et al., 2001) ·≈–°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‡¢â“ Ÿà
æ◊‚¥¬Õ“»—¬·∫§∑’‡√’¬‡ªìπæ“À– ‰¥â·°à Agrobacterium
(agrobacterium - mediated gene transfer) (Weising
and Kahl, 1996) ‡ªìπµâπ
°“√»÷°…“°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬„â·∫§∑’‡√’¬
Agrobacterium ¡’√“¬ß“π«à“·∫§∑’‡√’¬¥—ß°≈à“« ‡ªìπ
·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥ªÿÉ¡ª¡‰¥â„πæ◊À≈“¬
π‘¥ ´÷Ëß°“√ àß∂à“¬‚¥¬«‘∏’π’Ȫ√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„πæ◊
∑’Ë„â∫√‘‚¿§‡ªìπÕ“À“√ √«¡∑—È߉¡â¥Õ°‰¡âª√–¥—∫∑’Ë¡’
¡Ÿ≈§à“∑“߇»√…∞°‘®À≈“¬π‘¥ ·≈–¬—ß¡’√“¬ß“𧫓¡
”‡√Á®Õ◊ËπÊ Õ’°Õ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡¬—ß¡’¢âÕ
ß —¬«à“‡∑§π‘§°“√ àß∂à“¬¬’π‚¥¬„â·∫§∑’‡√’¬
Agrobacterium “¡“√∂ àß∂à“¬¬’πª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®
‡©æ“–„πæ◊„∫‡≈’ȬߧŸà‡∑à“π—ÈπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ¥—ßπ—Èπ „π
∫∑§«“¡π’È®–𔇠πÕ√“¬ß“π°“√«‘®—¬·≈–§«“¡ ”‡√Á®
¢Õß°“√¥—¥·ª≈ßÀ√◊Õª√—∫ª√ÿßæ—π∏ÿåæ◊‚¥¬°“√„â
·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Agrobacterium tumefaciens ´÷Ëß®– “¡“√∂
µÕ∫¢âÕ ß —¬¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â
ª√–«—µ‘·π«§«“¡§‘¥ ·≈–°“√∑¥≈Õ߇°’ˬ«°—∫
“√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡
„πà«ß‡√‘Ë¡µâπª√–«—µ‘¢Õß°“√»÷°…“·≈–
·π«§‘¥‡°’ˬ«°—∫ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡ æ∫«à“ „πªï §.».1944
ÕÕ «“≈¥å ·Õ‡«Õ√’ (Oswald Avery) §Õ≈‘π ·¡°‡≈’¬¥
(Colin Macleod) ·≈– ·¡§≈‘π ·¡°§“√å∑’ (Maclyn
Macarty) ‰¥â»÷°…“æ∫«à“ ‡¡◊ËÕ·¬°¥’‡ÕÁπ‡ÕÕÕ°®“° “¬
æ—π∏ÿå S (smooth colony) ‰ª„ à„πÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭ߇◊ÈÕ∑’Ë¡’
“¬æ—π∏ÿå R (rough colony) ‡®√‘≠Õ¬Ÿà “¬æ—π∏ÿå R
®–∂Ÿ°‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª‡ªì𠓬æ—π∏ÿå S ‰¥â ®÷ß √ÿª«à“
‡°‘¥°√–∫«π°“√·ª≈ßæ—π∏ÿå À√◊Õ ∑√“π øÕ√塇¡—Ëπ
(transformation) ¢÷Èπ„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’Ë∑”°“√»÷°…“
ªï §.».1946 ‚®¨“≈’‡¥Õ√å‡∫‘√å° (Joshva
Lederberg) ·≈–‡Õ§«Õ√å¥ ∑“∑—¡ (Edward Tatum)
§âπæ∫°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ¬’π„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ¢≥–∑’Ë∑”°“√
º ¡ “¬æ—π∏ÿå¢Õß Escherichia coli °—∫ “¬æ—π∏ÿåÕ◊ËπÊ
æ«°‡¢“ —߇°µ°“√º ¡√–À«à“ß “¬æ—π∏ÿå¢ÕßæàÕ·¡à∑’Ë
·µ°µà“ß°—π ·≈–‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫°“√·ª≈ßæ—π∏ÿå´÷ËßµâÕß°“√
¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ®“°·∫§∑’‡√’¬∂à“¬∑Õ¥‰ª¬—ßÕ’°·∫§∑’‡√’¬Àπ÷Ëß
‚¥¬µÕπÀ≈—ßæ∫«à“‡ªìπ°“√∂à“¬‚Õπ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ„π√Ÿª¢Õß
æ≈“ ¡‘¥ (plasmid) ‡√’¬°«à“ °“√®—∫§ŸàÀ√◊Õ§Õπ®Ÿ‡°—Ëπ
(conjugation)
µàÕ¡“„πªï §.». 1952 Õ—≈‡ø√¥ ‡ŒÕ√凨¬å
(Alfred Hershey) ·≈–¡“√å∑“ ‡´ (Martha Chase)
‰¥â¡’°“√æ‘ Ÿ®πå‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡«à“¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡ªìπ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡
Õ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ ‚¥¬∑¥≈Õß°—∫ø“® T (phage T) ¢Õß
E. coli À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ„πªï §.». 1953 πÕ√åµ—π ´‘π‡¥Õ√å
(Norton Zinder) ·≈–‚®¨“≈’‡¥Õ√å‡∫‘√å° (Joshva
Lederberg) æ∫°≈‰°°“√∂à“¬‚Õπ¬’π√–À«à“ß·∫§∑’‡√’¬
‚¥¬ø“®¢Õß Salmonella typhimurium “¡“√∂π”
¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ®“°·∫§∑’‡√’¬Àπ÷Ë߉ª¬—ß·∫§∑’‡√’¬Àπ÷Ë߉¥â °“√
∂à“¬‚Õπ·∫∫π’ȵâÕßÕ“»—¬ø“®‡ªìπµ—«°≈“ß ´÷Ëß«‘∏’°“√π’È
‡√’¬°«à“°“√∂à“¬‚Õπ¬’πÀ√◊Õ∑√“π ¥—°—Ëπ (transduction)
ªï §.».1953 ‡®¡ å «Õµ —π (Jams Watson)
·≈–ø√“π´‘ §√‘° (Francis Crick) ‰¥â‡ πÕ
‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ (DNA) ·≈–°≈‰°°“√∂à“¬·∫∫
¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡ªìπ·∫∫°÷ËßÕπÿ√—°…å (semiconservative
mechanism) ∑”„À⇢Ⓞ®∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ߢÕߥ’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡ªìπ
Õ¬à“ߥ’
ªï §.».1958 ·¡∑∑‘« ‡¡ ‡≈ —π (Matthew
Meselson) ·≈–·ø√ߧ≈‘𠵓Àå≈ (Franklin Stahl)
»÷°…“°“√∂à“¬·∫∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ·≈–¬◊π¬—π«à“
°≈‰°°“√∂à“¬·∫∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡ªìπ·∫∫°÷ËßÕπÿ√—°…å