Review

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polymers, whereas PDLLA is an amorphous polymer. Solubility in organic solvents and biodegradation rate
of PLAs strongly depended upon their molecular weight and degree of crystallinity. Biodegradation of PLA
can be divided into 2 types including non-enzyme degradation and enzyme degradation.
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Keywords : Bioplastics, Poly(lactic acid), Poly(lactide), Biodegradation, Synthesis
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‡π◊ËÕß®“°ªí≠À“¡≈¿“«–∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°¢¬–
æ≈“ µ‘°·≈–°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥≈ߢÕßπÈ”¡—π·≈–°ä“´
∏√√¡“µ‘„π∏√√¡“µ‘ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ«—µ∂ÿ¥‘∫À≈—° ”§—≠∑’Ë„â
„π°“√º≈‘µæ≈“ µ‘°∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë„â„π’«‘µª√–®”«—πµà“ßÊ
®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡ π„®„π°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“
æ≈“ µ‘°∑“ß’«¿“æ (bioplastics) ∑’˺≈‘µ‰¥â®“°
«—µ∂ÿ¥‘∫∏√√¡“µ‘Õ◊Ëπ®“°·À≈àß∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π (sustainable
resources) ´÷Ë߇ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß
’«¿“æ (biodegradable polymers) À¡“¬∂÷ß æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë
“¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√‰Œ‚¥√‰≈´’ À√◊Õ
°“√°√–∑”¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å ·≈–®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åµà“ßÊ „π
√à“ß°“¬ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ À√◊Õ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (Barrows, 1991)
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ “¡“√∂
·∫àßµ“¡·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥‰¥â‡ªìπæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∏√√¡“µ‘∑’Ë
“¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ (natural biodegradable
polymers) ‰¥â·°à ·ªÑß (starch) ·≈–‰ø‚∫√Õ‘π®“°‰À¡
(silk fibroin) ‡ªìπµâπ ·≈–æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å —ß‡§√“–Àå∑’Ë “¡“√∂
≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ (synthetic biodegradable
polymers) ‰¥â·°à æÕ≈‘‰°≈‚§≈‘§·Õ´‘¥ [poly(glycolic
acid)] æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ [poly(lactic acid)] ·≈–
æÕ≈‘‡Õª‰´≈Õπ-·§‚æ√·≈§‚∑π [poly(ε-caprolactone)]
‡ªìπµâπ ·¡â«à“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å —ß‡§√“–Àå∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«
‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ®–¡’√“§“·æß°«à“ ·µà°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ ·≈–
§«“¡ ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ¢Õß ¡∫—µ‘ “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡‰¥â¥’°«à“
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∏√√¡“µ‘∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“æ
„πà«ß 30 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°
·Õ´‘¥ ¬—ß¡’√“§“§àÕπ¢â“ß Ÿß à«π„À≠à®÷߉¥â¡’°“√«‘®—¬
æ—≤π“„π°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„âß“πæÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‡ªìπ
Õÿª°√≥傧√߬÷¥—Ë«§√“« (temporary scaffolds) ∑“ß
°“√·æ∑¬å ‰¥â·°à ‰À¡‡¬Á∫·º≈π‘¥≈–≈“¬‰¥â À√◊Õ
‰À¡≈–≈“¬ (bioabsorbable sutures) ·≈– Õÿª°√≥å¬÷¥
°√–¥Ÿ° (bone fixation devices) ‡ªìπµâπ (Nair and
Laurencin, 2007) ·≈–∑“߇¿ —°√√¡ ‰¥â·°à √–∫∫
π” à߬“·∫∫§«∫§ÿ¡°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬ (controlled-release
drug delivery systems) ·≈– √–∫∫π” à߬“ Ÿà‡ªÑ“À¡“¬
(drug targeted delivery systems) ‡ªìπµâπ (Freiberg
and Zhu, 2004) ®ÿ¥ª√– ߧå„πæ—≤π“°“√„âß“π
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ≈“¬µ—«‰¥â∑“ß’«¿“懪ìπæ≈“ µ‘°
„âß“π∑—Ë«‰ª ‡àπ øî¡≈å ·≈–¢«¥ ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥¡≈¿“«–®“°
¢¬–æ≈“ µ‘°∑’ˉ¡à ≈“¬µ—«∑“ß’«¿“æ∑’˵âÕß¡’°“√
°”®—¥¥â«¬°“√‡º“ À√◊ÕΩíß°≈∫ ∑”„À⇰‘¥¡≈¿“«–µàÕ
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡ π„®
„π°“√«‘®—¬æ—≤𓇪ìπæ≈“ µ‘°’«¿“æ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’ ¡∫—µ‘
∑“ߧ«“¡√âÕπ∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‰¥â·°à Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘°“√À≈Õ¡∑’Ë
„°≈⇧’¬ß°—∫æÕ≈‘‡Õ∑‘≈’π ·≈–æÕ≈‘æ√Õæ‘≈’π ´÷Ë߇ªìπ
æ≈“ µ‘°∑’Ë„âß“π∑—Ë«‰ª ®÷ß¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â„π°“√„â
‡∑§π‘§°√–∫«π°“√À≈Õ¡¢÷Èπ√Ÿª·∫∫µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë„â
¢÷Èπ√Ÿªº≈‘µ¿—≥±åæ≈“ µ‘°¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡Õ∑‘≈’π ·≈–
æÕ≈‘æ√Õæ‘≈’π ‰¥â·°à °√–∫«π°“√Õ—¥√’¥ (extrusion
process) °√–∫«π°“√©’¥ (injection process) ·≈–
°√–∫«π°“√‡ªÉ“ (blow molding process) ‡ªìπµâπ
‚¥¬„π∫∑§«“¡π’È®–‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µà“ßÊ ¢Õß
æÕ≈‘·≈§µ‘°·Õ´‘¥ ‰¥â·°à π‘¥ °“√ —߇§√“–Àå ·≈–
¡∫—µ‘µà“ßÊ ‰¥â·°à ¡∫—µ‘∑“ߧ«“¡√âÕπ ¡∫—µ‘‡‘ß°≈
§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√≈–≈“¬„πµ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å
·≈–°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬∑“ß’«¿“æ