Review

16 KKU Science Journal Volume 39 Number 1 Review
ªï §.».1961 ´’¥π’¬å ‡∫√π‡πÕ√å (Sydney
Brenner) ø√Õß´—« ®“§Õ∫ (Franklin Jacope) »÷°…“
°“√∂à“¬·∫∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ„π·∫§∑’‡√’¬·≈–¬◊π¬—π«à“°≈‰°
°“√∂à“¬·∫∫¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‡ªìπ·∫∫°÷ËßÕπÿ√—°…å
ªï §.».1964 ¬“πÕø °’ (Yanofsky) ·≈–§≥–
·≈–‡∫√π‡πÕ√å (Brenner) ‰¥â· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ߧ«“¡
—¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“߬’π·≈–æÕ≈‘‡ªª‰∑¥å
ªï §.».1983 ∫“√å∫“√“ ·¡§§≈‘π∑Õ°
(Barbara Mcclintock) ‰¥â√—∫√“ß«—≈‚π‡∫≈®“°°“√§âπ
æ∫«à“ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡À√◊Õ¬’π∫“ßµ—« “¡“√∂‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬
µ”·Àπàß∫π‚§√‚¡‚´¡‰¥â
ªï §.».1958 ‡√‘Ë¡¡’°“√§âπæ∫«‘∏’‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥
¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ‚¥¬„â‡∑§π‘§∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‡√ ‡π√’·Õ°—π
(polymerase chain reaction) À√◊Õ‡√’¬° —Èπ Ê «à“ PCR
µàÕ¡“ª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‰¥â√‘‡√‘Ë¡‚§√ß°“√®’‚π¡
¡πÿ…¬å (The Human Genome Project) ‡√’¬°¬àÕÊ «à“
HGP ‡æ◊ËÕÀ“«à“¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ∑—Èß 46 ‚§√‚¡‚´¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
¡’≈”¥—∫‡∫ ‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√ ‚§√ß°“√π’ȇ√‘Ë¡µ—Èß·µà §.». 1990
‚¥¬¡’°”À𥇠√Á® ‘Èπ‚§√ß°“√π’È §.». 2005 π’È√«¡
√–¬–‡«≈“∑—Èß ‘Èπ 15 ªï ªí®®ÿ∫—π‚§√ß°“√‰¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√
„°≈⇠√Á® ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈⫉¥â¡’°“√ª√–°“»§«“¡ ”‡√Á®
„π‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ‡¡◊ËÕ §.». 2000 §«“¡ ”‡√Á®‡ªìπ°“√Õà“π√À—
æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡¡πÿ…¬å ( ¡æ√ ª√–‡ √‘∞ àß °ÿ≈, 2546)
“√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡§◊ÕÕ–‰√
“√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡ §◊Õ “√’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈
(biomolecules) ∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇ°Á∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈√À— æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡
”À√—∫°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µµà“ßÊ ‡Õ“‰«â “√
’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡„π‡´≈≈å¢Õß
‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ—Èπ Ÿß ´÷Ëßæ∫‰¥â®“°π‘«‡§≈’¬ ¢Õ߇´≈≈å ‡√’¬°
√«¡«à“ °√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘§ (nucleic acid) ‚¥¬§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘
∑“߇§¡’·∫àß°√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘§ÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ 2 𑥬àÕ¬ §◊Õ
Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ (RNA) ·≈–¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ à«π„À≠à
¡’ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡‡ªìπ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ ¬°‡«âπ‰«√— ∫“ßπ‘¥
‡ªìπÕ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ (‰«√— à«π¡“° ¡’ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡‡ªìπ
¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ) √À— ∫π “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡À“°¡’°“√∂Õ¥√À—
(transcription) ÕÕ°¡“‰¥â ‡√’¬°√À— à«ππ—Èπ«à“¬’π
( ÿ√‘π∑√å ªî¬–‚§≥“°ÿ≈, 2548)
‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡
°√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘° À√◊Õ “√’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢π“¥„À≠à
∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ¬’π·≈–૬„π°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‡∫ πÈ”µ“≈ ·≈–À¡ŸàøÕ ‡øµ ‡√’¬°«à“
°√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘§ °√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘°·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ Õߪ√–‡¿∑
´÷Ëß·µ°µà“ß°—π∑’ËπÈ”µ“≈ °√¥π‘«§≈’Õ‘°∑’Ë¡’πÈ”µ“≈‰√‚∫
(D-ribose) ‡ªìπ à«πª√–°Õ∫‡√’¬°«à“ °√¥‰√‚∫𑫧≈’Õ‘°
(ribonucleic acid) À√◊Õ‡√’¬°¬àÕÊ «à“ Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ æ«°∑’Ë
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬πÈ”µ“≈¥’ÕÕ°´’‰√‚∫ (2' D-deoxyribose)
‡√’¬°«à“ °√¥¥’ÕÕ°´’‰√‚∫𑫧≈’Õ‘° (deoxyribonucleic
acid) À√◊Õ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ ¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π𑫇§≈’¬ (nucleus)
‰¡‚∑§Õπ‡¥√’¬ (mitochondria) ·≈–§≈Õ‚√æ≈“ ∑å
(chloroplast) ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡ (genetic
material) À√◊Õ¬’π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õπ—Èπ¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π
à«π¢Õ߇´≈≈å∑’Ë¡’¥’‡ÕÁπ‡Õ ·≈–¬—ßæ∫¡“°„π‰´‚∑
æ≈“ ´÷¡ (cytoplasm) ¥â«¬ Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ¡—°∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë
૬°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õ߬’π πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’Õ“√å‡ÕÁπ‡Õ
∑’ˇªìπ “√æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡¢Õ߉«√— ·≈–ø“® (phage) ‡∫ ∑’Ë
æ∫„π∏√√¡“µ‘¡’Õ¬Ÿà 2 æ«° æ«°·√° ‰¥â·°à æ«°
æ‘√‘¡‘¥’π (pyrimidine) ´÷Ëß¡’Õπÿæ—π∏å “¡µ—«∑’Ëæ∫¡“°
§◊Õ ‰´‚µ´’π (cytocine) ¬Ÿ√“´‘≈ (uracil) ·≈–‰∏¡’π
(thymine) à«πæ«°∑’Ë Õ߉¥â·°à ‡æ’¬«√’π (purine)
¡’Õπÿæ—π∏å Õßµ—«∑’Ëæ∫∫àÕ¬ §◊Õ Õ–¥‘π’π (adenine)
·≈–°«“π’π (guanine) ‡∫ ‡À≈à“π’ȇªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫
‰π‚µ√‡®πª√–‡¿∑Õ“‚√¡“µ‘§ (aromatic) “¡“√∂
¥Ÿ¥· ßÕ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈∑∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ 200 - 280
π“‚π‡¡µ√ (¿‘≠‚≠ æ“π‘æ—π∏å, 2543) Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡
“¡“√∂𔉪 Ÿà°“√·µ°·¢π߇ªìππ‘¥æ—π∏ÿå„À¡à
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‰¥â À√◊Õ∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ °“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå (mutation)
°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå ‡ªìπª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π√–¥—∫¬’π
àߺ≈„Àâ ‘Ëß¡’’«‘µ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß≈—°…≥–æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡‰ª
®“°√ÿàπæàÕ√ÿàπ·¡à °“√‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå∑”„Àâ√À—