Optimod-AM 9400 V1.2 Operating Manual - Orban
Optimod-AM 9400 V1.2 Operating Manual - Orban
Optimod-AM 9400 V1.2 Operating Manual - Orban
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3-4<br />
OPERATION ORBAN MODEL <strong>9400</strong><br />
rate “carrier” and the peak limiting process produces modulation sidebands<br />
around each Fourier component.<br />
Considered from this perspective, a hard clipper has a wideband gain<br />
control signal and thus introduces sidebands that are far removed in frequency<br />
from their associated Fourier “carriers.” Hence, the “carriers”<br />
have little ability to mask the resulting sidebands psychoacoustically.<br />
Conversely, a look-ahead limiter’s gain control signal has a much lower<br />
bandwidth and produces modulation sidebands that are less likely to be<br />
audible.<br />
Simple wideband look-ahead limiting can still produce audible intermodulation<br />
distortion between heavy bass and midrange material. The<br />
look-ahead limiter in your <strong>Optimod</strong> uses sophisticated techniques to reduce<br />
such IM distortion without compromising loudness capability.<br />
Loudness and density<br />
The amount of gain reduction determines how much the loudness of soft passages<br />
will be increased (and, therefore, how consistent overall loudness will be). The<br />
automatic gain control (AGC) and the multiband limiter both provide gain reduction,<br />
although their effects are quite different.<br />
In a competently-designed processor, audibly objectionable distortion occurs only<br />
when the processor is clipping peaks to prevent the audio from exceeding the peak<br />
modulation limits of the transmission channel. The less clipping that occurs, the less<br />
likely that the listener will hear distortion. However, to reduce clipping, you must<br />
decrease the drive level to the clipper, which causes the average level (and thus, the<br />
loudness) to decrease proportionally.<br />
Receiver high frequency rolloff introduces further complications. A typical<br />
receiver’s severe HF rolloff reduces the headroom available at high frequencies and<br />
makes it difficult to achieve a bright sound. This is because bright sound requires<br />
considerable high frequency power to appear at the output of the receiver, thus<br />
requiring a very large amount of high frequency power to be transmitted so that a<br />
sufficient amount will survive the receiver’s rolloff.<br />
To increase brightness and intelligibility at the receiver, the <strong>9400</strong>’s NRSC pre-emphasis<br />
boosts the treble at 6dB/octave starting at 2.1 kHz. HF CURVE settings from 0 to 10<br />
produce more severe pre-emphasis, boosting at 18dB/octave with 2 kHz up about 3<br />
dB. Without very artful processing, this pre-emphasis will radically increase the level of<br />
the peaks and force you to decrease the average level proportionally. <strong>Orban</strong>'s high<br />
frequency limiting and distortion-canceling clipping systems greatly ease this trade-off,<br />
but cannot eliminate it. Therefore, you can only increase brightness by reducing<br />
average modulation (loudness) unless you accept the increased distortion caused by<br />
driving the final clippers harder.<br />
In processing, there is a direct trade-off between loudness, brightness, and distortion.<br />
You can improve one only at the expense of one or both of the other two. Thanks to<br />
<strong>Orban</strong>'s psychoacoustically-optimized designs, this is less true of <strong>Orban</strong> processors than<br />
of any others. Nevertheless, all intelligent processor designers must acknowledge and<br />
work within the laws of physics and psychoacoustics as they apply to these trade-offs.