Mr. Erik Milito - The House Committee on Natural Resources ...

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14 API GUIDANCE DOCUMENT HF1 8 Perforating A perforation is the hole created between the casing or liner into the reservoir (subsurface hydrocarbon bearing formation). This hole creates communication to the inside of the production casing, and is the hole through which oil or gas is produced. By far the most common perforating method utilizes jet perforating guns that are loaded with specialized shaped explosive charges. Figure 4 illustrates the perforation process. <strong>The</strong> shaped charge is detonated and a jet of very hot, high-pressure gas vaporizes the steel pipe, cement, and formation in its path. <strong>The</strong> result is an isolated tunnel that connects the inside of the production casing to the formation. <strong>The</strong>se tunnels are isolated by the cement. Additionally, the producing zone itself is isolated outside the production casing by the cement above and below the zone. Figure 4—Perforation
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING OPERATIONS—WELL CONSTRUCTION AND INTEGRITY GUIDELINES 15 9 Hydraulic Fracturing 9.1 General Hydraulic fracturing is a well stimulation technique that has been employed in the oil and gas industry since 1947. Very low permeability formations such as fine sand and shale tend to have fine grains (limited porosity) and few interconnected pores (low permeability). Permeability represents the ability for a fluid to flow through a (somewhat) porous rock. In order for natural gas or oil to be produced from low permeability reservoirs, individual molecules of fluid must find their way through a tortuous path to the well. Without hydraulic fracturing, this process would produce too little oil and/or gas and the cost to drill and complete the well would be could not be justified by this low rate of production. A wellbore of a “traditional” nonfractured well is schematically represented in the top part of Figure 5, where the red arrows represent the flow of fluid to the circle which represents the well. However, by creating an artificial fracture, individual molecules that are a long distance from the well can find their way to the fracture, and once there, can travel quickly through the fracture to the well. This situation is represented in the lower part of Figure 5. <strong>The</strong> process of hydraulic fracturing increases the exposed area of the producing formation, creating a high conductivity path that extends from the wellbore through a targeted hydrocarbon bearing formation for a significant distance, so that hydrocarbons and other fluids can flow more easily from the formation rock, into the fracture, and ultimately to the wellbore. Hydraulic fracturing treatments are designed by specialists and utilize state-of-the-art software programs and are an integral part of the design and construction of the well. Pretreatment quality control and testing is carried out in order to ensure a high-quality outcome. “Natural” Completion Hydraulic Fracture Completion Figure 5—Illustration of a Fractured and a Nonfractured Well During hydraulic fracturing, fluid is pumped into the production casing, through the perforations (or open hole), and into the targeted formation at pressures high enough to cause the rock within the targeted formation to fracture. In the field, this is known as “breaking down” the formation. As high-pressure fluid injection continues, this fracture can continue to grow, or propagate. <strong>The</strong> rate at which fluid is pumped must be fast enough that the pressure necessary to propagate the fracture is maintained. This pressure is known as the propagation pressure or extension pressure. As the fracture continues to propagate, a proppant, such as sand, is added to the fluid. When pumping is stopped, and the excess pressure is removed, the fracture attempts to close. <strong>The</strong> proppant will keep the fracture open, allowing fluids to then flow more readily through this higher permeability fracture.
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oost domestic production by four mi
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industry’s development costs thro
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FOR ONSHOR
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TABLE 11 - Baseline and Alternative
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5.3 Employment January 2012 Employm
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5.4 State Severance and Ad Valorem
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Natural Gas Production, billion cub
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Number of Wells Started (Spud) on F
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Net (Alternative Minus Baseline) Ja
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Net (Alternative Minus Baseline) Ja
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Federal royalties of production of
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Imports from Rest of the World 38%
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Water Management Associated with Hy
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Special Notes API publications nece
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Contents Executive Summary . . . .
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considerations). A hierarchy of pot
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Bibliography [1] American Petroleum
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26 API GUIDANCE DOCUMENT HF2 [32] H
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THERE’S MORE WHERE THIS CAME FROM
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Practices for Mitigating Surface Im
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Contents Executive Summary . . . .
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proactive in communicating to, and
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Practices for Mitigating Surface Im
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PRACTICES FOR MITIGATING SURFACE IM
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2010 PUBLICATIONS ORDER FORM Effect
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Product No. GHF301
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www.woodmac.com Project Background
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www.woodmac.com Key Results ACCESS
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Isolating Potential Flow Zones Duri
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ISOLATING POTENTIAL FLOW ZONES DURI
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Annex B (informative) Well Planning
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Bibliography [1] Gai, H., Walz, G.,
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THERE’S MORE WHERE THIS CAME FROM
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Administration energy strategy is n
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Jobs 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
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30°N 45°N 15°N 45°N 30°N 15°N
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mmboed 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 201
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Mr. Erik Milito - The House Committee on Natural Resources ...

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