Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries - (IPCC) - Working ...

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CHAPTER 8 101 <strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>: Vulnerability and Adaptation Ecosystems and Biodiversity SALMA N. TALHOUK AND MAYA ABBOUD
102 CHAPTER 8 ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY I. OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE ARAB WORLD The Arab world houses a unique biological diversity in terms <strong>of</strong> species and ecosystems represented by arid, semi arid, and Mediterranean biomes (Figure 1). The reported number <strong>of</strong> species currently harboured in the Arab world is listed in floras, compendiums, and country reports (Table 1). The richest countries documented in terms <strong>of</strong> plant diversity with more than 3000 species include Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria, Algeria, Tunisia, and Somalia, while animal diversity is highest with more than 5000 species in Algeria, Lebanon, Syria, and Tunisia (CBD national reports). The density is estimated at 1000-2000 plant species per 10,000 km 2 in Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Syria and less than a 1,000 per 10,000 km 2 for the remaining Arab countries. The density <strong>of</strong> mammal species ranges between 21-50 animal species per 10,000 km 2 in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Sudan, Syria, and Tunisia, with a high range <strong>of</strong> 51-100 in Lebanon and a range <strong>of</strong> less than 20 in the remaining countries (The Atlas <strong>of</strong> Endangered Species, 2005). Many species in the Arab world currently face major threats which will be augmented in the future due to the repercussions <strong>of</strong> climate change. With respect to terrestrial biodiversity and more specifically plant biodiversity, according to the 2008 IUCN threat categories (Table 2), Yemen has the highest number <strong>of</strong> threatened species at 159 while the remaining countries either did not indicate any data or range between 0 to 17 species. With respect to animals, the countries with the highest number <strong>of</strong> threatened species according to the 2008 IUCN categories include Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen which all have more than 80 threatened animal species, with a maximum <strong>of</strong> 108 species in Egypt. An overall status <strong>of</strong> threatened species in the Arab world is summarized per specific taxonomic group in Table 3 (IUCN, 2008). Marine biodiversity along the coasts <strong>of</strong> the Arab world shows significant threat levels in selected areas such as the highly threatened dugongs in Bahrain whose seagrass foraging grounds around the archipelago form the world’s second largest dugong aggregation (a tightly linked group <strong>of</strong> dugongs, large marine herbivorous mammals, occupying the same area) after Australia. In FIGURE 1 EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC BIOMES IN THE ARAB WORLD Main biomes • Desert • Xeric shrubland • Semi desert • Mediterranean Sub-categories <strong>of</strong> biomes • Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest with temperate grasslands, savannas and shrubland in Oman, Jordan and Syria • Mediterranean forest, woodlands and scrub with scattered temperate conifer forest along the coastline <strong>of</strong> Morocco and Algeria • Tropical & subtropical grasslands savannas & in southern Mauritania and Sudan • Flooded grasslands& savannas in Egypt and Iraq Sources: SEDAC-Map client; Biomes and Ecosystems, 2008
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Arab Environment: Climate</
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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE II
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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE V
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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE VI
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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE IX
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XII INTRODUCTION A number o
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XIV INTRODUCTION nology cooperation
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XVI INTRODUCTION The respondents to
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XVIII INTRODUCTION activities based
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XX INTRODUCTION by climate change.
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XXII INTRODUCTION REGIONAL CLIMATE
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CHAPTER 1 1 Arab Public Opinion and
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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE 3
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CHAPTER 2 13 GHG Emissions: Mitigat
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CHAPTER 3 31 A Remote Sensing Study
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CHAPTER 4 47 Impact</strong
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156 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CNA
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158 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS MENA
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