Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries - (IPCC) - Working ...

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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE 43 FIGURES 14, 15 EXPANSION OF URBANIZATION IN COSMOPOLITAN BEIRUT BETWEEN 1984 AND 2006: 15.8% OF THE GREEN COVER WAS LOST (CRS-BU, E. Ghoneim - AFED 2009 Report) in frequency in specific parts <strong>of</strong> the world, including Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. For example, the annual dust production had increased tenfold in the last 50 years in many parts <strong>of</strong> North Africa. Dust storms are also accelerating in the Arab region due to the fact that local soil cover is being loosened by <strong>of</strong>froad vehicles (e.g., the effect <strong>of</strong> the Iraq wars), livestock grazing, and road development for oil and gas production, particularly in the Gulf region. The availability <strong>of</strong> large and daily coverage satellite imagery by, for instance, the MODIS Terra and Aqua sensors enable us to monitor dust storms on a daily basis and identify their main source globally. For example, as shown in Figure 16a, a thick snake <strong>of</strong> yellowish dust originating from the border <strong>of</strong> Iraq with a southwest moving front can be clearly seen in one <strong>of</strong> the MODIS-Aqua images (acquired in May 2005). This storm is so thick that it hides a large part <strong>of</strong> the Red Sea beneath it. Image classification accentuates such phenomena and reveals the mega dimension <strong>of</strong> such dust storms; Figure 16b shows a storm which reached up to 1700 km in length. This storm crossed Saudi Arabia and all the way past the green ribbon <strong>of</strong> the Nile Valley to the western desert <strong>of</strong> Egypt. Another example <strong>of</strong> a mega dust-storm is captured by a MODIS-Terra image (acquired in May 2004). Here, a thick pall <strong>of</strong> sand and dust can be seen blown out from the Iranian Desert over the Gulf and engulfing Kuwait, the eastern coast <strong>of</strong> Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab Emirates (see Figure 16a).
44 CHAPTER 3 A REMOTE SENSING STUDY OF IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE ARAB REGION FIGURES 16(a) 16(b) 16(a), LEFT: A MODIS-AQUA IMAGERY SHOWS A MEGA DUST STORM ORIGINATING FROM IRAQ IN 2005 16(a), RIGHT: A MODIS-TERRA IMAGERY ILLUSTRATES A THICK PALL OF SAND AND DUST BLOWING FROM THE IRANIAN DESERT IN 2004 16(b): SATELLITE IMAGE CLASSIFICATION DEMONSTRATES THE MEGA DIMENSION OF A DUST STORM THAT REACHED 1700 KM IN LENGTH. THIS STORM CROSSED SAUDI ARABIA PAST THE GREEN RIBBON OF THE NILE VALLEY TO THE WESTERN DESERT OF EGYPT (CRS-BU, E. Ghoneim - AFED 2009 Report)
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Arab Environment: Climate</
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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE II
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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE V
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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE VI
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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE IX
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XII INTRODUCTION A number o
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XIV INTRODUCTION nology cooperation
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Page 20 and 21: XX INTRODUCTION by climate change.
Page 22 and 23: XXII INTRODUCTION REGIONAL CLIMATE
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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE 93
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CHAPTER 8 101 Impact</stron
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CHAPTER 9 113 Impact</stron
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CHAPTER 10 121 Impact</stro
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CHAPTER 11 129 International Negoti
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CHAPTER 12 143 Interrelation betwee
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156 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CNA
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158 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS MENA
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