Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries - (IPCC) - Working ...

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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE 19 In the UAE, carbon emissions associated with electricity consumption in the industrial sector accounted for about 57% <strong>of</strong> all energy-related greenhouse gas emissions in 1994. It is expected that industrial energy consumption could be reduced by 25 percent or more with good payback through a combination <strong>of</strong> energy-saving measures for industrial motors. These include proper motors sizing to meet demand and using high efficiency motors. Another key energy saving strategy could be to install variable speed drives (VSDs) on applications <strong>of</strong> variable loads, in addition to leaks reduction from compressed air systems and high pressure steam systems (UAE, 2008). The energy bill in the Jordanian economy reached about 800 billion Jordanian dinars in 2003 which accounts for nearly 13% <strong>of</strong> GDP and 45% <strong>of</strong> exports (NERC, 2008). This burden makes clear the urgent need to devise and implement an energy efficiency strategy. The proposed strategy contains many policies and measures to reduce energy consumption in the industrial activities, efficient lighting systems, variable speed drives, and efficient motors. Lebanon is not an energy producing country, and imported fossil fuel in Lebanon accounts for 97% <strong>of</strong> the country’s energy bill and totalled around $1.5 billion in 2004 (nearly 20% <strong>of</strong> the annual expenditures <strong>of</strong> the Lebanese government or about 7.5% <strong>of</strong> GDP). Energy consumption in Lebanon was responsible for approximately 15.3 million tons <strong>of</strong> carbon dioxide emissions in 2002. The Lebanese transport sector is the major energy consumer which made up about 42 % <strong>of</strong> total energy consumption in 1999 (WRI, 1999). In 2002, Lebanon with support from UNDP/GEF started a project to reduce GHG emissions by improving demand side energy efficiency through the creation <strong>of</strong> a multi-purpose Lebanese Centre for Energy Conservation (LCECP). The Centre will simultaneously undertake activities to remove barriers to improve energy efficiency and provide energy efficiency services to the public and private sectors. There will be a broad range <strong>of</strong> supporting activities including technical support, financial incentives, information dissemination, awareness programs, policy analysis and program design. Achievements <strong>of</strong> the LCECP as <strong>of</strong> now include performing energy audits, undertaking training and public education activities, and fund raising for energy efficiency and renewable energy projects (LCECP, 2008).
20 CHAPTER 2 GHG EMISSIONS: MITIGATION EFFORTS IN THE ARAB COUNTRIES Measures to reduce GHG emissions and improve energy efficiency reported through the first national communication include efficient motors, combustion efficiency improvements <strong>of</strong> boilers and furnaces, and improve efficiency <strong>of</strong> the cement industry. As the cement industry is the single largest source <strong>of</strong> Lebanese CO 2 emissions and a major energy user, mitigation measures reported included process modification and combustion efficiency improvements (Lebanon, 1999). The Building Sector MASDAR CITY A pioneering initiative in the UAE is the construction <strong>of</strong> the world’s first zero-carbon, zero-waste and car-free-city in Abu Dhabi, named MASDAR city. The city is planned to host 40,000 residents and receive another 50,000 daily commuters. It is envisioned to be a free zone clean-tech cluster home to around 1,500 visionary companies and research centres. The MASDAR Institute <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology is the first comer to the city and will be home to 100 students and faculty by fall 2009. Cars will be banned within the city; travel will be accomplished via public mass transit and personal rapid transit systems, with road and railways connecting commuters to other locations outside the city. The city will be walled, to keep out the hot desert wind. The lack <strong>of</strong> cars will allow for narrow, shaded streets that will also improve air circulation and reduce demand for air conditioning. The city will be oriented northeast to minimize the amount <strong>of</strong> direct sunlight on buildings’ sides and windows. Solar panels and solar collectors on ro<strong>of</strong>s and elsewhere will generate enough electricity to meet most <strong>of</strong> the city’s electricity needs. Water will be provided through a solar-powered desalination plant. Landscaping within the city and crops grown outside the city will be irrigated with grey water and treated waste water produced by the city. It is planned that MASDAR City will be completed and be fully functional by 2012 (The Economist, 2008). Recently, MASDAR City was elected to host the newly established International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA); this is a milestone achievement for Abu Dhabi and marks the first time that an Arab city plays host to the headquarters <strong>of</strong> an international organization (MASDAR, 2009) Sources: The Economist (2008). MASDAR Plan. At http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfmstory_id=12673433 MASDAR (2009), http://www.irenauae.com/en/home/index.aspx Energy use in buildings accounts for nearly 40% <strong>of</strong> global energy consumption and 36% <strong>of</strong> total energy-related CO 2 emissions. Half <strong>of</strong> this energy consumption occurs in industrialized countries, the remainder is consumed by the rest <strong>of</strong> the world (Price et al., 2005). In general, two major strategies have been used to improve energy efficiency in the building sector and thus reduce its GHG emissions. The first strategy is to improve building envelope energy performance. This is widely known as green building, sustainable building or energy efficient building concepts. The second strategy is to improve efficiency <strong>of</strong> energy consuming equipment used inside the buildings such as home appliances, lighting systems, air conditioning systems, computers and other <strong>of</strong>fice equipments and the like. In response to recent environmental, economic, market and regulatory drivers, green building concepts and practices have become widely promoted worldwide. The U.S. Green Building Council has developed a Green Building Rating System called the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Today, there are more than 50,000 LEED-accredited pr<strong>of</strong>essionals in the US. Furthermore, the World Green Building Council (GBC) is a union <strong>of</strong> national councils. The current member nations <strong>of</strong> the World GBC represent over 50 percent <strong>of</strong> global construction activity, and touch more than 15,000 companies and organizations worldwide (USGBC, 2008). The UAE is pioneering to apply the LEED certification system in new buildings, and in 2005 established the Emirates Green Building Council, meant to become a model for the Arab region to follow (Emirates GBC, 2008). Bahrain is also working towards achieving the same goal. Several other Arab countries have similarly been developing energy building codes. Many Arab countries have already established different kinds <strong>of</strong> building codes. As part <strong>of</strong> the national energy efficiency strategy <strong>of</strong> Jordan, thermal insulation in residential and commercial building in certain zoning areas should be enforced. In addition, the preparation <strong>of</strong> an “Energy Efficiency Code” is a part <strong>of</strong> such a strategy (Shahin, 2005). After many efforts to promote green architecture by several Egyptian institutions, Egypt developed residential building energy efficiency codes in 2003, and the new codes will be initially imple-
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Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries - (IPCC) - Working ...

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