Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries - (IPCC) - Working ...

ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE 137
oped and in developing countries, for greening
energy sectors, for adaptation, increased R&D
and deployment <strong>of</strong> technologies.
Net North-South Flows
The net public and private resource flows from all
developed countries to developing countries
(including loans) amounted to about US$ 280 billion
in 2005, increasing from about $150 billion
in 2004 (see Figure 1 below). The increase came
mainly because <strong>of</strong> an increase in private flows,
which besides being fickle are concentrated in just
a few countries. Official Development Assistance
(ODA) amounted to just 0.25% <strong>of</strong> gross national
income in 2005 (see Figure 2 below).
Energy-Related North-South Flows
Most <strong>of</strong> the resources for energy development
(~60%) are raised locally within developing
countries. Energy-related flows (see Table 1
below) have averaged about $7 billion a year
between 1997 and 2005. This amount contrasts
with a need <strong>of</strong> ~$300 billion a year in developing
and transition economies, as estimated by the
IEA. According to the World Bank, this sum <strong>of</strong>
$300 billion would need to be augmented by $34
billion a year to support ‘green’ energy development.
The Stern Review similarly estimates the
incremental amount at ~$20-30 billion per year.
Some <strong>of</strong> these funds could also finance the transfer
<strong>of</strong> technology.
FIGURE 1
TOTAL NET FLOWS BY TYPE OF FLOW
ODA Total N et Flow s Private Flows
300
250
USD billion
200
150
100
50
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Source: Prepared from DAC data, OECD website
Year
FIGURE 2
ODA AS PERCENT OF GROSS NATIONAL INCOME
0.40
0.35
Percent GNI
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Source: Prepared from DAC data, OECD website