Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries - (IPCC) - Working ...

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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE 27 underway, but mostly they are in the early stages <strong>of</strong> development in many countries. III. MEASURE OF CARBON SEQUESTRA- TION AND STORAGE Mitigation <strong>of</strong> GHG means implementing policies and measures to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions from sources such as power plants, industrial facilities and the transport sector, as well as to enhance natural GHG sinks such as forests, land use change and carbon capture and storage (CCS). This section discusses enhancements <strong>of</strong> carbon sinks through afforestations and CO 2 capture & storage. Land use change: Afforestation There is a widespread recognition <strong>of</strong> the potential <strong>of</strong> forests and land-use changes for <strong>of</strong>fsetting emissions <strong>of</strong> GHGs. Measures proposed in national communications included promoting programmes <strong>of</strong> conservation, regeneration, reforestation, and afforestation. In Sudan, two main groups <strong>of</strong> mitigation options were considered for increasing carbon sequestration and storage. The first group represents afforestation and rehabilitation options. These options refer to the afforestation and rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> wastelands, together with afforestation <strong>of</strong> 10% <strong>of</strong> the rain fed land and 5% <strong>of</strong> the irrigated agricultural land. The second group represents management options, which involve a natural resource management approach based on the conservation and rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> degraded forests and rangelands. Reforestation and biomass conservation projects are also key elements in Djibouti’s proposed programme <strong>of</strong> action. Tunisia reported on a concerted approach with neighbouring countries, and with the international community for the implementation <strong>of</strong> a program aimed at combating desertification. Similar projects were also reported in Mauritania, Djibouti, and Morocco. A promising CDM afforestation project is currently being proposed by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. The Greater Cairo Ring Road Afforestation project will help improve the air quality <strong>of</strong> Cairo. The forest that will be planted will be irrigated by treated agricultural drainage water and will absorb about 100,000 tons <strong>of</strong> CO 2eq annually, helping to <strong>of</strong>fset the carbon emissions from vehicles, industry and power plants. The project is currently under development. In addition, Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) conducted a preliminary study on the Egyptian Bi<strong>of</strong>uel Industry Development in June, 2007. Jatropha test cultivation was started in 2003 as a part <strong>of</strong> Egypt’s afforestation program. The Egyptian Jatropha yield turned out to be the highest production level compared to the Asian and African non-irrigated cultivation. Although the primary purposes <strong>of</strong> the Egyptian Jatropha model are anti-desertification and beneficial use <strong>of</strong> treated wastewater, the high production results caught the attention <strong>of</strong> private bi<strong>of</strong>uel producers. Under that study, JBIC proposed an integrated strategic plan to realize the new bi<strong>of</strong>uel industry with a “Public Private Partnership” (JDI, 2007). Another remarkable afforestation experience is in the UAE. According to the Environmental Agency - Abu Dhabi, “Over the last few decades, over 120 million trees have been planted, as well as 25 million date palms. Over 92,000 hectares have been planted with forest trees. These are now helping to reverse the process <strong>of</strong> desertification and to stabilize the sand dunes that once moved inexorably across the land. They also provide attractive new habitats for wildlife, with many species <strong>of</strong> animals and birds increasing rapidly in numbers as they colonise the new areas <strong>of</strong> vegetation” (Environmental Agency Abu Dhabi, 2006). Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) CO 2 capture & storage (CCS) is a process comprised <strong>of</strong> three steps. The first is CO 2 capture from CO 2 point sources such as power plants, industrial facilities, and natural gas wells with high CO 2 content emissions. The second step is transportation via pipelines to the storage site; and the third step is geological storage in deep geological formations including saline formations, depleted oil/gas fields, coal seams, and enhanced oil or gas recovery sites. In the combustion processes, CO 2 can be captured either in pre-combustion mode by treatment <strong>of</strong> fossil fuels or in post-combustion mode by treatment <strong>of</strong> the flue gases. Due to economies <strong>of</strong> scale, large point sources <strong>of</strong> CO 2 emissions have the highest potential <strong>of</strong> CO 2 capture. These include large industries such as oil and
28 CHAPTER 2 GHG EMISSIONS: MITIGATION EFFORTS IN THE ARAB COUNTRIES gas, cement and steel and electric power plants. CO 2 has been injected and stored in oilfields as a means to enhance oil recovery since the late 1970s. Currently, the estimated global geological storage potential in depleted oil/gas fields equals 900 Gt <strong>of</strong> CO 2 (IEA, 2006). The IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage recently stated that: “CCS has the potential to reduce overall mitigation costs and increase flexibility in achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions.” (IPCC, 2005). The first major location where CO 2 was stored in geological formations as a climate change mitigation option was under the North Sea. In 1996, StatOil, an oil company, started removing CO 2 from the natural gas and injecting it into a massive saline aquifer located 800–1000 meters under the North Sea (IEA, 2006). Algeria hosts one <strong>of</strong> the world’s three largest demonstration sites <strong>of</strong> CCS which is the BP’s In Salah project, where CO 2 is captured and stored in a gas field. This demonstration project <strong>of</strong>fers an opportunity to collect baseline and monitoring data that is not associated with enhanced oil recovery. The project is aimed to ensure that secure geological storage <strong>of</strong> CO 2 can be costeffectively verified, to demonstrate to stakeholders that industrial-scale geological storage <strong>of</strong> CO 2 is a viable GHG mitigation option, and to set precedents for the regulation and verification <strong>of</strong> the geological storage <strong>of</strong> CO 2 , allowing eligibility for GHG credits in the international carbon market. It is worth mentioning here that CCS projects are not yet eligible under the current modalities <strong>of</strong> the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) <strong>of</strong> the Kyoto Protocol. The Algerian project involves separating CO 2 from natural gas at the In Salah gas facility. The CO 2 is being re-injected into a sandstone reservoir for permanent storage. In this Gas project, the natural gas has a high level <strong>of</strong> CO 2 which is captured. The CO 2 free gas is processed for distribution as sales gas. About 1 million tons per year <strong>of</strong> CO 2 is compressed before it enters the CO 2 pipelines. These pipelines transport the CO 2 to
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158 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS MENA
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