Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries - (IPCC) - Working ...

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ARAB ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE 61 FIGURE 15 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF SURGE REGIONS MENA % Increase 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Egypt Algeria Libya Morocco Iran Qatar Tunisia Saudi Arabia UAE Oman Yemen Kuwait Source: Dasgupta et al., 2009 • Establishing an institutional system for risk reduction for integrating and coordinating research and carrying out training on the national and regional scales. • Establishing strong monitoring systems for coastal zone indicators and law enforcement. Developing a database for national and regional indicators <strong>of</strong> climate change • Developing a Regional Circulation Model (RCM) for the impact <strong>of</strong> climate change on MENA countries and the Red Sea. Building capacities and reducing uncertainties <strong>of</strong> predictions • Adopting an integrated coastal zone management approach to protect coastal resources with special reference to expectations <strong>of</strong> future severities and increasing frequencies <strong>of</strong> extreme events • Adopting a proactive planning approach and developing policies and adaptation programs for no regret planning, protection <strong>of</strong> the low land areas in the coastal region and coastal cities in the Nile Delta, Tunisia, Mauritania and Gulf region, exchanging experiences and success stories. • Upgrading awareness <strong>of</strong> decision makers on strategic aspects and developing employment opportunities for vulnerable groups. VII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter has shown that the coastal areas in the Arab region are highly vulnerable to the potential impacts <strong>of</strong> climate change. Proactive action needs to be taken, both in terms <strong>of</strong> expanding knowledge and cooperation, and implementing mitigation and adaptation policies. The main conclusions and recommendations are listed below: • Although all <strong>of</strong> the Arab countries do not contribute more than 4.5% to the total emissions <strong>of</strong> GHGs, the coastal zones <strong>of</strong> most <strong>of</strong> them are highly vulnerable to the potential impacts <strong>of</strong> sea level rise and the expected increased severity and frequency <strong>of</strong> extreme events. • Even though some <strong>of</strong> the Arab countries have established institutional capabilities for the mitigation <strong>of</strong> greenhouse gas emissions, none has established such systems for adaptation and self protection. • Excluding Tunisia and Morocco, no integrated national strategic action plans have been established for the vulnerable countries. • A strategic assessment and risk reduction <strong>of</strong> climate change impacts must be carried out as a joint effort through the League <strong>of</strong> Arab States. • An early warning system <strong>of</strong> tsunamis for the Mediterranean and the Gulf regions must be established through satellite systems. • Proactive planning and protection policies and measures should be initiated for vulnerable sectors with particular emphasis on the coastal zone.
62 CHAPTER 4 COASTAL AREAS REFERENCES Abdulkader M. A., M. Al Kuisi, H. Abul Khair (2009). ‘Characterization <strong>of</strong> the Khamaseen (spring) dust in Jordan’. Atmospheric Environment, 43: 2868ñ2876. Agoumi, A. (2003). ‘Vulnerability <strong>of</strong> North African Countries to Climatic <strong>Change</strong>s: Adaptation and Implementation Strategies for <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>’. IISD, <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> Knowledge Network. Agrawala, S., A. Moehner, M. El Raey, D. Conway, M. van Aalst, M. Hagenstad and J. Smith (2004). Development And <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> In Egypt: Focus On Coastal Resources And The Nile. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. COM/ENV/EPOC/DCD/DAC(2004)1/FINAL Al-Janeid, S., M. Bahnacy, S. Nasr, and M. El Raey (2008). ‘Vulnerability assessment <strong>of</strong> the impact <strong>of</strong> sea level rise on the Kingdom <strong>of</strong> Bahrain’. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global <strong>Change</strong>, 13(1): 87- 104 Dasgupta, S., B. Laplante, C. Meisner, and J. Yan (2007). The impact <strong>of</strong> Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries: A Comparative Study. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4136, February 2007. Dasgupta, S., B. Laplante, S. Murray and D. Wheeler (2009). Sea-Level Rise and Storm Surges: A Comparative Analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>Impact</strong>s in Developing Countries. World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 4901. El-Raey, M., S. Nasr, M. El-Hattab and O. Frihy (1995). ‘<strong>Change</strong> detection <strong>of</strong> Rosetta promontory over the last forty years’. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Remote Sensing, 16: 825-834. El-Raey, M., Y. Fouda and S. Nasr (1997a). ‘GIS Assessment <strong>of</strong> the vulnerability <strong>of</strong> Rosetta area, Egypt to the impacts <strong>of</strong> sea level rise’. Journal <strong>of</strong> Environmental Monitoring, 47: 59-77. El-Raey, M. (1997b). ‘Vulnerability assessment <strong>of</strong> the coastal zone <strong>of</strong> the Nile Delta, Egypt, to the impacts <strong>of</strong> sea level rise’. Ocean and Coastal Management, 37(1): 29-40. El Shaer, H., B. Salem and M. El-Raey (2009). ‘Towards evaluating the natural resources to support land use decisions using remote sensing techniques: Case Study: Ras Mohammed National Park’. In preparation Frihy, O., S. Nasr, M. El Hattab and M. El-Raey (1994). ‘Remote sensing <strong>of</strong> beach erosion along Rosetta promontory’, International Journal <strong>of</strong> Remote Sensing, 15: 1649 -1660 by the League <strong>of</strong> Arab States, UN ESCWA and UNEP/ROWA in cooperation with the Arab countries and presented at the Commission on Sustainable Development, at its fourteenth session (CSD-14) held in April 2006). League <strong>of</strong> Arab States ñ LAS (Lead agency) (2005). Arab Region State <strong>of</strong> Implementation on <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>. Joint Technical Secretariat: League <strong>of</strong> Arab States; United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia; United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for West Asia. Massoud M.A., M.D. Scrimshawa, J.N. Lestera (2003). ‘Qualitative assessment <strong>of</strong> the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> the Mediterranean action plan: wastewater management in the Mediterranean region’. Ocean and Coastal Management 46: 875ñ899. METAP (2002). Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean. Munawar, M. (2002). ‘Aquatic ecosystem health <strong>of</strong> the Arabian Gulf: Status and research needs’. In N.Y. Khan, M. Munawar and A.R.G. Price (Eds.), The Gulf ecosystem: health and sustainability. Ecovision Monograph Series. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands. Nasr, S., A.F. Abdel Kader, H. El Gamily and M. El- Raey (1997). ‘Coastal zone geomorphology <strong>of</strong> Ras Mohamed, Red Sea, Egypt.’ Journal <strong>of</strong> Coastal Research 13(1):134-140 PERSGA (1998). Strategic Action Programme for the Red Sea and Gulf <strong>of</strong> Aden ROPME (2004). The state <strong>of</strong> the marine environment report, 2003. Regional Organization for the Protection <strong>of</strong> the Marine Environment. Kuwait, 2004. ROPME/GC-11/003. Sea Level Rise Explorer. Global Warming Art. At: http://www.globalwarmingart.com/sealevel Sestini, G. (1989). The implications <strong>of</strong> climate changes for the Nile Delta. Report WG 2/14, Nairobi, Kenya, UNEP/OCA Tawfiq, N.I. (1994). <strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> on the Red Sea and Gulf <strong>of</strong> Aden. UNEP Regional Seas Report and studies, No. 156 United Nations Environment Program ñ UNEP (2007). Global Environment Outlook (GEO) 4. UNISDR. Prevention website. At: http://www.preventionweb.net (Accessed 20 June, 2009 Gerges, M. A. (2002). ‘The Red Sea and Gulf <strong>of</strong> Aden Action Plan ’Facing the challenges <strong>of</strong> an ocean gateway’. Ocean and Coastal Management 45: 885ñ903 League <strong>of</strong> Arab States ñ LAS (2006). Report prepared
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XII INTRODUCTION A number o
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XIV INTRODUCTION nology cooperation
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XVI INTRODUCTION The respondents to
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XVIII INTRODUCTION activities based
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XX INTRODUCTION by climate change.
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XXII INTRODUCTION REGIONAL CLIMATE
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CHAPTER 1 1 Arab Public Opinion and
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156 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CNA
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158 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS MENA
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