National Threat Assessment 2008. Organised Crime - Politie

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Chinese Dutch nationals are reported to be involved in the trafficking of smuggled cigarettes into the Netherlands; many counterfeit and rebranded cigarettes are produced in China. It is no exception for a member of a criminal organisation to start up for himself once he has all the required knowledge and contacts. This is typical of the development of criminal organisations involved in fraud cases. This differs from the more traditional picture of recruitment. Following from this, there is also a group of habitual fraudsters, the names of whom came up several times for the same type of fraud. For example, suspects who had already been arrested 10 years ago for a similar fraud turned up in an investigation into VAT carousels. 3.2.5 Consequences for Dutch society Direct consequences A direct consequence of fraud involving taxes that increase cost prices is the loss of income suffered by the Dutch state. Adding together the amounts in subsection 3.2.3 results in an estimated total loss of € 140 to 290 million. This amount is composed of estimates for VAT carousel fraud and excise fraud involving cigarettes. No figures are available for Customs levy fraud for the Netherlands, but investigations conducted by OLAF indicate that the amounts involved are also considerable. At the end of 2006 OLAF were conducting 72 investigations into Customs fraud, which together represented a loss of over € 284 million for the entire EU. Another direct consequence of fraud is the increase in unfair competition, as products are offered at below the current market price. The discovery of fraud can have serious consequences for transport and forwarding companies that have become involved. This involvement does not always have to be deliberate and therefore culpable. Whenever Customs levy, excise or VAT fraud is discovered, the evaded amounts are collected from the transport or forwarding company that signed for the goods in question, regardless of whether these companies were culpably involved or not. The amounts for which these companies are held liable can be so high that liquidation becomes unavoidable. Indirect consequences There are many indirect consequences. The loss suffered by the state in the form of loss of income is always recovered from taxpayers in one way or another, e.g. by increasing taxes or premiums, or by government budget cuts for facilities. Public health may also be at risk. In some cases products of inferior quality are marketed, for example, such as counterfeit cigarettes that contain many more hazardous substances than branded cigarettes. There was also the case where 102 National Threat Assessment 2008 – Organised crime
a criminal organisation tried to import chicken from Asia into the Netherlands, despite the fact that a transport ban was in place at the time because of the bird-flu virus. Unfair competition may also put companies in financial trouble or may even result in liquidation. Some of the companies tend to purchase goods via a fraudulent construction, especially if that limits the chances of liquidation. Seriousness of the consequences Although the absolute number of times public purse fraud is used and the absolute scale of the financial loss are unknown, it can be stated that the consequences of this fraud construction are very serious. The seriousness mainly lies in the continuity of the construction and the authorities’ inability to fight it. Measures taken in the past turned out to be ineffective. New measures such as the ‘Wet Herziening Toezicht Rechtspersonen’ (Monitoring of Legal Entities (Revision) Act) should not be expected to work wonders either; previous amendments to laws and regulations also proved to be unsuccessful. Various experts expect that the new Act will have no effect on the use of this fraud construction. The fraud construction is multifunctional, is easily adapted to changing situations and can be used for several types of fraud and for money laundering. Successes in the fight against a particular type of fraud, such as the Dutch fight against the VAT carousel, affect the type of fraud in question but not the construction, which can often be used again by the same offenders at any given time. 3.2.6 Crime-related factors and expectations The increasing complexity and intensity of (international) trade and financial transactions may help to further these and other types of fraud. On the other hand, companies and the government have been focusing more on corporate social responsibility and integrity issues in recent years. The Code Tabaksblat and the introduction of whistle blower regulations in government and the business community are particular examples. To an increasing degree, hotlines such as Crime stoppers have also been helping to launch and solve investigations. These types of developments may help to reduce crime. As well as being good for the economy and the further development of society, the fast emergence of digital technology for storing and distributing information also ensures that constructions that can be used to commit fraud can be set up and run more quickly and more efficiently. The rapid expansion of the Internet and the possibility to offer all kinds of services and carry out payments online chapter 3 – Fraud and money laundering 103
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KLPD - IPOL Department National Thr
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Publisher: IPOL Department Postbus
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2.3.5 Crime-related factors and exp
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3.4.7 Conclusion 119 3.5 Crime invo
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5.3.1 Introduction and scope 186 5.
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Preface The first National Threat A
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Acknowledgements This National Thre
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phenomena - as well as on societal
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It should be noticed that the organ
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In early 2007 a Supervisory Committ
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1.5.3 Regional Crime Pattern Analys
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For environmental crime, the study
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A conditional threat involves crimi
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forces all made their contributions
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2 Illegal markets 2.1 Introduction
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with the aim of transporting large
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Demand In 2005 the number of ‘cur
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identity papers. It was impossible
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use currently occurring in various
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An important indicator of heroin pr
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2.3.3 Criminal organisations Three
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without being noticed. The harm tha
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Criminals often look for a remote l
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other than BMK and PMK are increasi
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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is
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From the source country onwards, th
Page 54 and 55: People can also be the victims of i
Page 56 and 57: Other chemicals will probably be ob
Page 58 and 59: the expectation that organised crim
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2 Number of nurseries disman
Page 62 and 63: which is just over 360,000 people.
Page 64 and 65: A strikingly high number of crimina
Page 66 and 67: mortgage. Various types of fraud ar
Page 68 and 69: and Romanians who already work in t
Page 70 and 71: offences under Section 273f of the
Page 72 and 73: 2.6.3 Scale Exploitation in prostit
Page 74 and 75: 2.6.6 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 76 and 77: 2.7 Illegal immigrant smuggling 30
Page 78 and 79: who have been in the Netherlands il
Page 80 and 81: were registered as being suspected
Page 82 and 83: It is not known whether the positio
Page 84 and 85: the weapons are stashed at a safe a
Page 86 and 87: limited scale of detection of illeg
Page 88 and 89: The commercial production of images
Page 90 and 91: in isolation. According to the IPOL
Page 92 and 93: continued existence of both the pro
Page 94 and 95: 2.10.3 Scale In the Netherlands mos
Page 96 and 97: developments relating to counterfei
Page 98 and 99: 3.2 The public purse: VAT fraud, ex
Page 100 and 101: a separate legal entity takes care
Page 102 and 103: Table 6 Misuse of companies in 2000
Page 106 and 107: have created more opportunities wit
Page 108 and 109: Investment fraud is the general nam
Page 110 and 111: Almost all contacts in advance fee
Page 112 and 113: The structure of a boiler room is d
Page 114 and 115: caught will increase. Fraudsters su
Page 116 and 117: a role, namely the fact that superv
Page 118 and 119: special investigation services. The
Page 120 and 121: competition. In the past this has r
Page 122 and 123: • electronic and electrical appli
Page 124 and 125: Any violation of the EU Regulation
Page 126 and 127: level. Out of a selection of more t
Page 128 and 129: those used for scrap vehicles. A lo
Page 130 and 131: As well as being numerous and compl
Page 132 and 133: consequences of the exporting of th
Page 134 and 135: In recent years, the integration ph
Page 136 and 137: Criminals invest in property togeth
Page 138 and 139: Undermining of the rule of law and
Page 140 and 141: Professionals’ right of non-discl
Page 142 and 143: 3.6.7 Conclusion The investment of
Page 144 and 145: Factors related to property crime F
Page 146 and 147: The relative poverty in many Easter
Page 148 and 149: • An elderly lady is working in h
Page 150 and 151: connections between offences cannot
Page 152 and 153: 4.3 Shoplifting 4.3.1 Introduction
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4.3.7 Conclusion As a result of sho
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audio and video equipment and build
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Mainly native Dutch offender groups
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However, there are also factors tha
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According to the National Vehicle C
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Table 8 Development of recorded car
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4.5.5 Consequences for Dutch societ
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Robberies can be described as the r
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Ram raiding Ram raids have been rec
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damage to buildings, etc. In one ca
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‘Organised, supraregional ram rai
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4.8.2 General context The handling
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5.2.2 Corruption of public servants
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Scale For years the Netherlands has
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make contact with one another. By d
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In cases of investment fraud, poten
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1. Enforcement of behaviour In case
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The use of violence within criminal
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In addition, the financial damage t
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However, they were found guilty of
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takes them to a counterfeit website
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equired to defraud Internet users c
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customers. Customers must be on the
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Quite often, organised crime does n
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for criminal purposes, it is likely
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5.7 Counterstrategies 5.7.1 Introdu
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potential witnesses refused (or wer
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eceive protection, as there is alwa
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5.8.2 General context Forgery of do
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Chamber of Commerce and the municip
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5.8.6 Crime-related factors and exp
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6.2 Criminal caravan camp residents
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Nederweed In the subreport on canna
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Roma have been reported for committ
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6.4 Criminal liaisons British crimi
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The use of solvents to extract coca
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on the Internet and growing equipme
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egularly found in suspicious circum
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no capacity is made available for i
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Unlike in 2004, the intertwining of
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organisations have access to one or
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at Schiphol Airport and lorry drive
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Whenever illegal markets such as th
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Appendix 1 Project structure Projec
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E.R. Kleemans Senior Researcher Res
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F. van den Heuvell Analysis Special
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J. ’t Lam Strategic Analyst Natio
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Appendix 2 Overview of qualificatio
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Netherlands Police Agency
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