National Threat Assessment 2008. Organised Crime - Politie

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takes them to a counterfeit website where they are asked to enter personal information. Potential victims are approached in an increasingly personal manner (spear phishing). The risk of discovery is smaller with this type of targeted attack. Security packages do not recognise these emails as phishing emails and the personal nature of the message makes victims less suspicious. In cases of pharming, victims who contact an institution or company online are secretly redirected to a counterfeit version of the website of that institution or company. They are then asked for personal details. The redirection is caused by ‘malware’ (which is a contraction of ‘malicious software’) with which the victim’s computer is infected. Victims arrive at the wrong sites because the links used for looking up domain names have been changed by malware. Phishing with malware without using counterfeit web pages is called ‘spy phishing’. In spy phishing the behaviour of computer users is spied on. For example, ‘key loggers’ are used to record key strokes, which are then sent to the fraudsters. Infection with malware not only for spy phishing, but also for pharming, is primarily achieved through email messages, website visits, the downloading of software, the use of search engines and the use of Instant Messaging. The development of phishing techniques has not stopped in the past two years. Two trends that have developed are ‘phishing by proxy’ and ‘man-in-the-middle phishing’. ‘Phishing by proxy’ is aimed at hiding the actual location of the phishing website and to keep it up and running for as long as possible. In this phishing technique ‘botnets’ 68 are used as proxy servers. Large numbers of IP addresses are linked to a phishing URL and therefore form an intermediate step en route to the counterfeit website. As a result, having these sites blocked and tracking down the offenders is a highly complex operation. Man-in-the-middle phishing also makes it possible for phishers to gain access to websites that are secured by two-factor authentication. In two-factor authentication a second code is entered after the login details; this second code is often generated per transaction. As a result, this method is safer than using a single password. A man-in-the-middle attack allows phishers to intercept the second code. After using the details for their own criminal purposes, the phishers send the details on to the customer, which makes it seem to the customer that the order has arrived in the usual manner. 68 A ‘botnet’ is a robot network, which is a collection of infected computers that are remotely controlled by Internet criminals. Botnets can be used, for example, to send phishing emails or to infect other computers. 196 National Threat Assessment 2008 – Organised crime
Wireless networks (WiFi) have become more common in recent years. Nowadays, wireless connections to the Internet can be made in a growing number of public locations. The downside of wireless networks is their vulnerability to hacking. Many consumers do not or hardly secure their home network. The home network signal does not stop at the front door (the exact reach of the signal is unknown). Phishers in the area can therefore pick up the signal, hack into the network and install malware on computers and/or steal identity details. Phishers can also easily hack into other people’s computers via the network in public places where several people log onto the same wireless network. A new type of phishing is called ‘vishing’ or ‘voice vishing’. VoIP (Voice over IP) systems can be used to make phone calls cheaply and anonymously via the Internet. Criminals can use VoIP to imitate a professional telephone exchange, whereby login details are entered by pressing telephone keys. Criminals use this method in two ways. In the first case an email is sent to a potential victim, as in the classic form of phishing. However, rather than a fraudulent link, a service telephone number is stated which the customer has to call in order to log on to the financial institution. In the second case, criminals call potential victims and ask them to confirm their personal details, for example, because otherwise their bank account will be cancelled. In both cases the fraudsters are after personal details that can be used to commit fraud. A further development of phishing is the use of text messages (SMS). The Internet security company McAfee has coined the term ‘SmiShing’ to describe this technique. In cases of this variant, a bank customer is asked to confirm personal details by text message. Once surfing the Internet on your mobile phone has become common practice, it will also be possible to send a (mobile) Internet link in the text message that links to a counterfeit website. All phishing techniques are aimed at misusing the stolen details. Criminals can use the stolen details to carry out all kinds of financial transactions. They use an intermediary to keep their own identity secret and still be able to transfer money to their account. These often unknowing intermediaries (who are known as ‘money mules’) are recruited via spam email or website. They are offered a job at a financial institution. The task of the employee is to make his/her account available to transfer the funds on further using a cash transfer service (usually to Eastern European countries). The Internet is used by criminals to exchange experiences, advice and techniques via chat services and in forums, for example. All the instructions and tools chapter 5 – Criminal modus operandi 197
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KLPD - IPOL Department National Thr
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Publisher: IPOL Department Postbus
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2.3.5 Crime-related factors and exp
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3.4.7 Conclusion 119 3.5 Crime invo
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5.3.1 Introduction and scope 186 5.
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Preface The first National Threat A
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Acknowledgements This National Thre
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phenomena - as well as on societal
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It should be noticed that the organ
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In early 2007 a Supervisory Committ
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1.5.3 Regional Crime Pattern Analys
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For environmental crime, the study
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A conditional threat involves crimi
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forces all made their contributions
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2 Illegal markets 2.1 Introduction
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with the aim of transporting large
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Demand In 2005 the number of ‘cur
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identity papers. It was impossible
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use currently occurring in various
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An important indicator of heroin pr
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2.3.3 Criminal organisations Three
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without being noticed. The harm tha
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Criminals often look for a remote l
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other than BMK and PMK are increasi
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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is
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From the source country onwards, th
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People can also be the victims of i
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Other chemicals will probably be ob
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the expectation that organised crim
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Figure 2 Number of nurseries disman
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which is just over 360,000 people.
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A strikingly high number of crimina
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mortgage. Various types of fraud ar
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and Romanians who already work in t
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offences under Section 273f of the
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2.6.3 Scale Exploitation in prostit
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2.6.6 Crime-related factors and exp
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2.7 Illegal immigrant smuggling 30
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who have been in the Netherlands il
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were registered as being suspected
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It is not known whether the positio
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the weapons are stashed at a safe a
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limited scale of detection of illeg
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The commercial production of images
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in isolation. According to the IPOL
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continued existence of both the pro
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2.10.3 Scale In the Netherlands mos
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developments relating to counterfei
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3.2 The public purse: VAT fraud, ex
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a separate legal entity takes care
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Table 6 Misuse of companies in 2000
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Chinese Dutch nationals are reporte
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have created more opportunities wit
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Investment fraud is the general nam
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Almost all contacts in advance fee
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The structure of a boiler room is d
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caught will increase. Fraudsters su
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a role, namely the fact that superv
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special investigation services. The
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competition. In the past this has r
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• electronic and electrical appli
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Any violation of the EU Regulation
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level. Out of a selection of more t
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those used for scrap vehicles. A lo
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As well as being numerous and compl
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consequences of the exporting of th
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In recent years, the integration ph
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Criminals invest in property togeth
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Undermining of the rule of law and
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Professionals’ right of non-discl
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3.6.7 Conclusion The investment of
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Factors related to property crime F
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The relative poverty in many Easter
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Page 150 and 151: connections between offences cannot
Page 152 and 153: 4.3 Shoplifting 4.3.1 Introduction
Page 154 and 155: 4.3.7 Conclusion As a result of sho
Page 156 and 157: audio and video equipment and build
Page 158 and 159: Mainly native Dutch offender groups
Page 160 and 161: However, there are also factors tha
Page 162 and 163: According to the National Vehicle C
Page 164 and 165: Table 8 Development of recorded car
Page 166 and 167: 4.5.5 Consequences for Dutch societ
Page 168 and 169: Robberies can be described as the r
Page 170 and 171: Ram raiding Ram raids have been rec
Page 172 and 173: damage to buildings, etc. In one ca
Page 174 and 175: ‘Organised, supraregional ram rai
Page 178 and 179: 4.8.2 General context The handling
Page 182 and 183: 5.2.2 Corruption of public servants
Page 184 and 185: Scale For years the Netherlands has
Page 186 and 187: make contact with one another. By d
Page 188 and 189: In cases of investment fraud, poten
Page 190 and 191: 1. Enforcement of behaviour In case
Page 192 and 193: The use of violence within criminal
Page 194 and 195: In addition, the financial damage t
Page 196 and 197: However, they were found guilty of
Page 200 and 201: equired to defraud Internet users c
Page 202 and 203: customers. Customers must be on the
Page 204 and 205: Quite often, organised crime does n
Page 206 and 207: for criminal purposes, it is likely
Page 208 and 209: 5.7 Counterstrategies 5.7.1 Introdu
Page 210 and 211: potential witnesses refused (or wer
Page 212 and 213: eceive protection, as there is alwa
Page 214 and 215: 5.8.2 General context Forgery of do
Page 216 and 217: Chamber of Commerce and the municip
Page 218 and 219: 5.8.6 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 220 and 221: 6.2 Criminal caravan camp residents
Page 222 and 223: Nederweed In the subreport on canna
Page 224 and 225: Roma have been reported for committ
Page 226 and 227: 6.4 Criminal liaisons British crimi
Page 228 and 229: The use of solvents to extract coca
Page 230 and 231: on the Internet and growing equipme
Page 232 and 233: egularly found in suspicious circum
Page 234 and 235: no capacity is made available for i
Page 236 and 237: Unlike in 2004, the intertwining of
Page 238 and 239: organisations have access to one or
Page 240 and 241: at Schiphol Airport and lorry drive
Page 242 and 243: Whenever illegal markets such as th
Page 244 and 245: Appendix 1 Project structure Projec
Page 246 and 247: E.R. Kleemans Senior Researcher Res
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F. van den Heuvell Analysis Special
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J. ’t Lam Strategic Analyst Natio
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Appendix 2 Overview of qualificatio
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Netherlands Police Agency
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