National Threat Assessment 2008. Organised Crime - Politie

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without being noticed. The harm that will be caused in the Netherlands in the coming years is directly and indirectly linked to the role of the Dutch heroin market as a wholesale market. This harm includes side effects such as violence, corruption and the investment of criminal proceeds, which go hand-in-hand with the illegal trading and smuggling. Criminal circles and legitimate society are highly intertwined, especially in the transport and catering sectors, where considerable amounts of criminal proceeds are invested. The trading in and smuggling of heroin is a form of crime that will also have serious consequences for Dutch society in the next few years, which is why it can be qualified as a threat. 2.4 Producing, trading and smuggling synthetic drugs 22 2.4.1 Introduction and scope Synthetic drugs are drugs that are made from chemical raw materials. These drugs are produced at a production location using a chemical process (synthesis). The synthesis method used depends mainly on the type of synthetic drug. ‘Leuckart synthesis’ is mostly used to produce amphetamine (speed), whilst ‘reductive amination’ is used to produce MDMA. MDMA and related substances such as MDA and MDEA will be referred to below as ecstasy (XTC). Amphetamine and ecstasy are the main synthetic drugs that are produced, traded and consumed by various groups of users in the Netherlands on a relatively large scale. In addition, there are dozens of other types of synthetic drugs, most of which are only found rarely. The most well‐known of these other synthetic drugs are methamphetamine, GHB and LSD. The synthetic drugs market is always developing. Producers are constantly looking for compositions of substances that circumvent the law but have the same effect as the illegal variant; these are the so-called ‘designer drugs’. mCPP and ketamine, for example, are not covered by the Opium Act, but by the Provision of Medicines Act (Wet op de Geneesmiddelenvoorziening (WOG)). 22 This section is based on a report prepared in part for NTA 2008: Dienst Nationale Recherche (DNR), 2008. Synthetische drugs en precursoren. Deelrapport Criminaliteitsbeeldanalyse 2007. Korps landelijke politiediensten (Netherlands Police Agency), DNR (National Crime Squad), Driebergen (confidential). The authors of this report are S. Huisman and E.M. Smits. The information from this report was included with a view to qualifying the threat level of the criminal phenomenon. This qualification and a summary of the arguments can be found in the final section. 42 National Threat Assessment 2008 – Organised crime
Amphetamine, ecstasy and the other synthetic drugs mentioned above are mainly used for pleasure. In addition, there are synthetically prepared substances that have a different purpose, which include all kinds of substances that are known under the collective name ‘substances considered to be doping’ and that allegedly have a performance-enhancing effect. Anabolic steroids, corticosteroids and hormone preparations are examples of such substances. 2.4.2 General context The production of synthetic drugs The logistics of producing and trading in synthetic drugs involves various steps: 1. Procurement of precursors 2. Procurement of other chemicals 3. Procurement of hardware 4. Organisation of a production location and staff 5. Production (synthesis, crystallisation and tabletting) 6. Dumping of waste products 7. Selling of synthetic drugs The production of ecstasy and amphetamine requires PMK and BMK respectively, which are precursors that are unavailable in the Netherlands. PMK is legally produced in China, after which it is illegally shipped to other countries, mainly in ocean-going containers with cover loads. Nowadays, BMK mainly comes from Russia, where it is legally produced. The Russian government has issued permits to a few Russian companies to purchase the substance for processing in legal applications. Exporting BMK is not permitted; employees sell it illegally outside the factory gates. Relatively small batches of BMK are often found in the loading floors and fuel tanks of lorries. The other chemicals and solvents required are ordered from chemical suppliers in the Netherlands but companies abroad are increasingly being used as well. Legitimate or fictitious companies are used, for example, a tanning studio to order acetone. Chemicals can also be obtained through theft. The processing of chemicals also requires production equipment such as reaction vessels, heating mantles, spherical condensers and tabletting machines. This hardware is usually bought second-hand via legal companies or in criminal circles. Apparently, it is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain certain hardware, which is why nowadays criminal buyers go abroad more often for their business. This situation appears to be the consequence of the effective monitoring system in the Netherlands and the awareness of supply companies in the Netherlands. Monitoring and awareness are still at a low level abroad. The social network is crucially important when looking for a suitable location. chapter 2 – Illegal markets 43
Page 1: KLPD - IPOL Department National Thr
Page 4 and 5: Publisher: IPOL Department Postbus
Page 6 and 7: 2.3.5 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 8 and 9: 3.4.7 Conclusion 119 3.5 Crime invo
Page 10 and 11: 5.3.1 Introduction and scope 186 5.
Page 12 and 13: Preface The first National Threat A
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgements This National Thre
Page 16 and 17: phenomena - as well as on societal
Page 18 and 19: It should be noticed that the organ
Page 20 and 21: In early 2007 a Supervisory Committ
Page 22 and 23: 1.5.3 Regional Crime Pattern Analys
Page 24 and 25: For environmental crime, the study
Page 26 and 27: A conditional threat involves crimi
Page 28 and 29: forces all made their contributions
Page 30 and 31: 2 Illegal markets 2.1 Introduction
Page 32 and 33: with the aim of transporting large
Page 34 and 35: Demand In 2005 the number of ‘cur
Page 36 and 37: identity papers. It was impossible
Page 38 and 39: use currently occurring in various
Page 40 and 41: An important indicator of heroin pr
Page 42 and 43: 2.3.3 Criminal organisations Three
Page 46 and 47: Criminals often look for a remote l
Page 48 and 49: other than BMK and PMK are increasi
Page 50 and 51: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is
Page 52 and 53: From the source country onwards, th
Page 54 and 55: People can also be the victims of i
Page 56 and 57: Other chemicals will probably be ob
Page 58 and 59: the expectation that organised crim
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2 Number of nurseries disman
Page 62 and 63: which is just over 360,000 people.
Page 64 and 65: A strikingly high number of crimina
Page 66 and 67: mortgage. Various types of fraud ar
Page 68 and 69: and Romanians who already work in t
Page 70 and 71: offences under Section 273f of the
Page 72 and 73: 2.6.3 Scale Exploitation in prostit
Page 74 and 75: 2.6.6 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 76 and 77: 2.7 Illegal immigrant smuggling 30
Page 78 and 79: who have been in the Netherlands il
Page 80 and 81: were registered as being suspected
Page 82 and 83: It is not known whether the positio
Page 84 and 85: the weapons are stashed at a safe a
Page 86 and 87: limited scale of detection of illeg
Page 88 and 89: The commercial production of images
Page 90 and 91: in isolation. According to the IPOL
Page 92 and 93: continued existence of both the pro
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2.10.3 Scale In the Netherlands mos
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developments relating to counterfei
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3.2 The public purse: VAT fraud, ex
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a separate legal entity takes care
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Table 6 Misuse of companies in 2000
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Chinese Dutch nationals are reporte
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have created more opportunities wit
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Investment fraud is the general nam
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Almost all contacts in advance fee
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The structure of a boiler room is d
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caught will increase. Fraudsters su
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a role, namely the fact that superv
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special investigation services. The
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competition. In the past this has r
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• electronic and electrical appli
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Any violation of the EU Regulation
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level. Out of a selection of more t
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those used for scrap vehicles. A lo
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As well as being numerous and compl
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consequences of the exporting of th
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In recent years, the integration ph
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Criminals invest in property togeth
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Undermining of the rule of law and
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Professionals’ right of non-discl
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3.6.7 Conclusion The investment of
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Factors related to property crime F
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The relative poverty in many Easter
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• An elderly lady is working in h
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connections between offences cannot
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4.3 Shoplifting 4.3.1 Introduction
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4.3.7 Conclusion As a result of sho
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audio and video equipment and build
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Mainly native Dutch offender groups
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However, there are also factors tha
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According to the National Vehicle C
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Table 8 Development of recorded car
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4.5.5 Consequences for Dutch societ
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Robberies can be described as the r
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Ram raiding Ram raids have been rec
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damage to buildings, etc. In one ca
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‘Organised, supraregional ram rai
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4.8.2 General context The handling
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5.2.2 Corruption of public servants
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Scale For years the Netherlands has
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make contact with one another. By d
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In cases of investment fraud, poten
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1. Enforcement of behaviour In case
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The use of violence within criminal
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In addition, the financial damage t
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However, they were found guilty of
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takes them to a counterfeit website
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equired to defraud Internet users c
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customers. Customers must be on the
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Quite often, organised crime does n
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for criminal purposes, it is likely
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5.7 Counterstrategies 5.7.1 Introdu
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potential witnesses refused (or wer
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eceive protection, as there is alwa
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5.8.2 General context Forgery of do
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Chamber of Commerce and the municip
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5.8.6 Crime-related factors and exp
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6.2 Criminal caravan camp residents
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Nederweed In the subreport on canna
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Roma have been reported for committ
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6.4 Criminal liaisons British crimi
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The use of solvents to extract coca
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on the Internet and growing equipme
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egularly found in suspicious circum
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no capacity is made available for i
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Unlike in 2004, the intertwining of
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organisations have access to one or
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at Schiphol Airport and lorry drive
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Whenever illegal markets such as th
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Appendix 1 Project structure Projec
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E.R. Kleemans Senior Researcher Res
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F. van den Heuvell Analysis Special
Page 250 and 251:
J. ’t Lam Strategic Analyst Natio
Page 252 and 253:
Appendix 2 Overview of qualificatio
Page 259:
Netherlands Police Agency
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