National Threat Assessment 2008. Organised Crime - Politie

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identity papers. It was impossible to determine whether the main suspects in the investigations studied were the ones actually giving the orders, or whether they were in Nigeria or elsewhere directing criminal operations from a distance. One Nigerian main suspect was running an extensive network of drugs and cash couriers. This main suspect always used an intermediary in his contacts with the couriers to avoid being traced. Some European countries reported problems with groups of Nigerian suspects. These countries included the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, France, the UK and Italy. Colombia also reported Nigerian activities on its cocaine market, especially involving cocaine couriers. It is not clear whether the Nigerians act as facilitators for the Colombian criminal organisations or whether they themselves buy shipments of drugs in Colombia and ship them to Europe. 2.2.5 Consequences for Dutch society The consequences of the trade in and use of cocaine can occur at various levels: individuals, economic sectors or society as a whole. Individuals Cocaine can be consumed in various ways and the various ways lead to varying health problems. Those users who inject cocaine may suffer from injection abscesses caused by non-sterile needles. Crack users (cocaine freebasing) run an major risk of physical ailments, such as damage to their lungs. Crack can also disrupt the cardiovascular system and cause epileptic fits. Crack produces a more intense rush, which is why the risk of addiction is greater than for the other types of consumption. Extreme or careless use can lead to an overdose, in which case the user may die if nobody intervenes in time. The number of recorded deaths resulting from cocaine use is not high: there were 20 deaths recorded in 2004 and 23 in 2005. The number of acute deaths had been increasing between 2002 and 2005, but this trend did not continue after 2005. Economic sectors The cocaine trade involves large sums of money, which also affects the legal economy. There may be occasions, for example, when criminals take up strategic positions in legal economic sectors for illegal purposes. These sectors include the transport sector, places of entertainment (such as amusement arcades and clubs) and the property market. In the CPA on cocaine it is mentioned that the property market is used by 18 of the 173 criminal organisations in 2006. There are also eight reports of investments abroad in the suspect’s native country. 34 National Threat Assessment 2008 – Organised crime
Some sectors are essential for cocaine smuggling and cocaine trafficking, which makes corrupt employees and blackmail more likely in these sectors. Apart from the adverse effect on the integrity of these sectors, some of them also suffer substantial financial losses, for example, the sectors that are used to transport cocaine. This type of damage is mainly the result of delays caused by inspections and seizures. The aviation sector in particular has to deal with stringent checks that were introduced because of cocaine trafficking. Society as a whole Not only people and economic sectors but also society as a whole is harmed by cocaine smuggling and trafficking. The state is harmed because of all the costs incurred by anti-drugs programmes and drug prevention and relief programmes. In addition, a lot of money is also spent on funding criminal investigations and penal institutions. Apart from the damage that occurs due to the costs incurred by the government in the fight against drugs, society is also harmed by the procurement crimes committed by drug addicts. Drug-related problems have led to degeneration in certain areas and increased the local residents’ fear of crime. Anti-social behaviour by drug addicts is most often experienced at locations such as shopping centres, stations, industrial estates and red-light districts. Cocaine trafficking sometimes causes corruption too: staff at ports and airports are regularly linked to cocaine-smuggling operations. The integrity of the Dutch state can be harmed by various aspects of drug trafficking. After Spain and Portugal, the Netherlands is third in the list of European cocaine transit countries. There is a great deal of pressure from abroad on the Dutch police and the judicial authorities to fight drugs trafficking in and via the Netherlands. This requires capacity, which comes at the expense of the fight against other crimes. 2.2.6 Crime-related factors and expectations The Dutch cocaine users market has been reasonably stable for a number of years now. Usage is slowly increasing, however, and this trend is expected to continue. In various European countries (Spain and France) using cocaine has recently undergone a process of ‘democratisation’ in public opinion in the sense that using cocaine is no longer seen as the preserve of a small elite; cocaine is now accessible to all levels of the population. The growing number of users in various European countries (especially in Spain) is related to increased prosperity, as a result of which cocaine has become affordable for more people. A Belgian study by criminologists from the University of Ghent in 2005 showed that using cocaine was considered increasingly ‘normal’. The normalisation of cocaine chapter 2 – Illegal markets 35
Page 1: KLPD - IPOL Department National Thr
Page 4 and 5: Publisher: IPOL Department Postbus
Page 6 and 7: 2.3.5 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 8 and 9: 3.4.7 Conclusion 119 3.5 Crime invo
Page 10 and 11: 5.3.1 Introduction and scope 186 5.
Page 12 and 13: Preface The first National Threat A
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgements This National Thre
Page 16 and 17: phenomena - as well as on societal
Page 18 and 19: It should be noticed that the organ
Page 20 and 21: In early 2007 a Supervisory Committ
Page 22 and 23: 1.5.3 Regional Crime Pattern Analys
Page 24 and 25: For environmental crime, the study
Page 26 and 27: A conditional threat involves crimi
Page 28 and 29: forces all made their contributions
Page 30 and 31: 2 Illegal markets 2.1 Introduction
Page 32 and 33: with the aim of transporting large
Page 34 and 35: Demand In 2005 the number of ‘cur
Page 38 and 39: use currently occurring in various
Page 40 and 41: An important indicator of heroin pr
Page 42 and 43: 2.3.3 Criminal organisations Three
Page 44 and 45: without being noticed. The harm tha
Page 46 and 47: Criminals often look for a remote l
Page 48 and 49: other than BMK and PMK are increasi
Page 50 and 51: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is
Page 52 and 53: From the source country onwards, th
Page 54 and 55: People can also be the victims of i
Page 56 and 57: Other chemicals will probably be ob
Page 58 and 59: the expectation that organised crim
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2 Number of nurseries disman
Page 62 and 63: which is just over 360,000 people.
Page 64 and 65: A strikingly high number of crimina
Page 66 and 67: mortgage. Various types of fraud ar
Page 68 and 69: and Romanians who already work in t
Page 70 and 71: offences under Section 273f of the
Page 72 and 73: 2.6.3 Scale Exploitation in prostit
Page 74 and 75: 2.6.6 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 76 and 77: 2.7 Illegal immigrant smuggling 30
Page 78 and 79: who have been in the Netherlands il
Page 80 and 81: were registered as being suspected
Page 82 and 83: It is not known whether the positio
Page 84 and 85: the weapons are stashed at a safe a
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limited scale of detection of illeg
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The commercial production of images
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in isolation. According to the IPOL
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continued existence of both the pro
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2.10.3 Scale In the Netherlands mos
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developments relating to counterfei
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3.2 The public purse: VAT fraud, ex
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a separate legal entity takes care
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Table 6 Misuse of companies in 2000
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Chinese Dutch nationals are reporte
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have created more opportunities wit
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Investment fraud is the general nam
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Almost all contacts in advance fee
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The structure of a boiler room is d
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caught will increase. Fraudsters su
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a role, namely the fact that superv
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special investigation services. The
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competition. In the past this has r
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• electronic and electrical appli
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Any violation of the EU Regulation
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level. Out of a selection of more t
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those used for scrap vehicles. A lo
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As well as being numerous and compl
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consequences of the exporting of th
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In recent years, the integration ph
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Criminals invest in property togeth
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Undermining of the rule of law and
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Professionals’ right of non-discl
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3.6.7 Conclusion The investment of
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Factors related to property crime F
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The relative poverty in many Easter
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• An elderly lady is working in h
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connections between offences cannot
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4.3 Shoplifting 4.3.1 Introduction
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4.3.7 Conclusion As a result of sho
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audio and video equipment and build
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Mainly native Dutch offender groups
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However, there are also factors tha
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According to the National Vehicle C
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Table 8 Development of recorded car
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4.5.5 Consequences for Dutch societ
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Robberies can be described as the r
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Ram raiding Ram raids have been rec
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damage to buildings, etc. In one ca
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‘Organised, supraregional ram rai
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4.8.2 General context The handling
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5.2.2 Corruption of public servants
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Scale For years the Netherlands has
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make contact with one another. By d
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In cases of investment fraud, poten
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1. Enforcement of behaviour In case
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The use of violence within criminal
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In addition, the financial damage t
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However, they were found guilty of
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takes them to a counterfeit website
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equired to defraud Internet users c
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customers. Customers must be on the
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Quite often, organised crime does n
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for criminal purposes, it is likely
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5.7 Counterstrategies 5.7.1 Introdu
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potential witnesses refused (or wer
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eceive protection, as there is alwa
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5.8.2 General context Forgery of do
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Chamber of Commerce and the municip
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5.8.6 Crime-related factors and exp
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6.2 Criminal caravan camp residents
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Nederweed In the subreport on canna
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Roma have been reported for committ
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6.4 Criminal liaisons British crimi
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The use of solvents to extract coca
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on the Internet and growing equipme
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egularly found in suspicious circum
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no capacity is made available for i
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Unlike in 2004, the intertwining of
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organisations have access to one or
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at Schiphol Airport and lorry drive
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Whenever illegal markets such as th
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Appendix 1 Project structure Projec
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E.R. Kleemans Senior Researcher Res
Page 248 and 249:
F. van den Heuvell Analysis Special
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J. ’t Lam Strategic Analyst Natio
Page 252 and 253:
Appendix 2 Overview of qualificatio
Page 259:
Netherlands Police Agency
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