National Threat Assessment 2008. Organised Crime - Politie

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The use of violence within criminal organisations was studied in 462 investigations in the 1998–2001 period. Twenty percent of criminal organisations used violence as a punishment within their own group. No figures are available relating to the scale of violence between criminal organisations. The general impression is that it happens on a regular basis, in the absence of detailed information that is all that can be said. 5.3.4 Criminal organisation Due to the variation in types, it is difficult to draw general conclusions about criminal organisations in relation to the use of instrumental violence. The way in which criminal organisations use internal violence differs. In some criminal organisations there is a tendency to bind members by providing positive incentives such as rewards. In other criminal organisations negative sanctions (i.e. punishments) are used to keep members in line. The use of violence against subordinates and assistants may indicate a hierarchical type of organisation. The use of violence is sometimes a task carried out by specialists within the group. Violence within organisations occurs on a regular basis in drugs cases (both hard drugs and cannabis). Many assistants are involved in cannabis growing, such as cutters, couriers and owners of locations where cannabis nurseries are housed. All of these assistants have to be kept in line. Violence between criminal organisations is used in all kinds of criminal sectors and by criminal organisations with different group characteristics. In general criminals appear to be more willing to work together than to fight each other because fighting each other takes their attention away from their core business of earning large sums of money from illegal activities. In addition, it also attracts the attention of the police. Despite all this, violence occurs regularly because criminals often get angry easily and do not always think before they act. Another reason for using violence has to do with establishing a certain position of power. One notable thing is that criminal organisations that use violence amongst themselves are mostly long‐lasting organisations. 5.3.5 Consequences for Dutch society The use of instrumental violence is important when it comes to assessing the seriousness of the consequences of this type of crime for Dutch society. Victims of the violence often bear the consequences for a very long time. Moreover, the rest of the population can start to feel that they are not safe. In addition, the material damage caused by violence can cost an enormous amount of money to repair. 190 National Threat Assessment 2008 – Organised crime
Most of the violence in and between criminal organisations remains unnoticed by the public at large. As long as the use of violence remains within criminal circles, the consequences for society are not that serious. This is also related to the general view that the criminals only have themselves to blame. However, there are also victims in these cases. There is also a possibility that innocent members of the public will become (indirectly) involved if violence breaks out in public places. A liquidation within criminal circles, for example, usually has a profound effect on society because it undermines the rule of law and increases the general feeling of not being safe. The number of liquidations has dropped in recent years. 5.3.6 Crime-related factors and expectations The use of instrumental violence or threatening instrumental violence often forms part of the modus operandi for specific offences. It speaks for itself that these activities are carried out by a certain type of criminal who does not mind using violence. As there are no indications that the number of offences where instrumental violence is used will drop in the future, violence will continue to be used as well. The use of violence in robberies has increased in recent years. The use of violence in criminal organisations appears to be determined mainly by the (hierarchical) group structure of the organisation. Violence between criminal organisations is mainly used by long-lasting organisations if major interests are at stake, such as a market share. Naturally, the availability of weapons is also important. For many criminals the use of violence is a way to settle conflicts. In addition, it is clear that violence is not always used based on a rational calculation and often has to do with mood and the disciplining of people involved. Violence within and between criminal organisations will not decrease for the foreseeable future, as the financial interests are considerable. In recent years, for example, illegal cannabis growing has involved huge sums of money. Furthermore, new players who could be described as ‘hardened’ criminals appear regularly on the market. Experts are therefore expecting an increased spiral of violence. 5.3.7 Conclusion The use of violence (or the threat of violence) by criminal organisations is described in this section as 1) violence with an instrumental purpose, 2) violence within criminal organisations and 3) violence between criminal organisations. The scale of each of these types is not expected to decrease in the future. There are criminal organisations that systematically victimise people. chapter 5 – Criminal modus operandi 191
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KLPD - IPOL Department National Thr
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Publisher: IPOL Department Postbus
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2.3.5 Crime-related factors and exp
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3.4.7 Conclusion 119 3.5 Crime invo
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5.3.1 Introduction and scope 186 5.
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Preface The first National Threat A
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Acknowledgements This National Thre
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phenomena - as well as on societal
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It should be noticed that the organ
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In early 2007 a Supervisory Committ
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1.5.3 Regional Crime Pattern Analys
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For environmental crime, the study
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A conditional threat involves crimi
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forces all made their contributions
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2 Illegal markets 2.1 Introduction
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with the aim of transporting large
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Demand In 2005 the number of ‘cur
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identity papers. It was impossible
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use currently occurring in various
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An important indicator of heroin pr
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2.3.3 Criminal organisations Three
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without being noticed. The harm tha
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Criminals often look for a remote l
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other than BMK and PMK are increasi
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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is
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From the source country onwards, th
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People can also be the victims of i
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Other chemicals will probably be ob
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the expectation that organised crim
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Figure 2 Number of nurseries disman
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which is just over 360,000 people.
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A strikingly high number of crimina
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mortgage. Various types of fraud ar
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and Romanians who already work in t
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offences under Section 273f of the
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2.6.3 Scale Exploitation in prostit
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2.6.6 Crime-related factors and exp
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2.7 Illegal immigrant smuggling 30
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who have been in the Netherlands il
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were registered as being suspected
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It is not known whether the positio
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the weapons are stashed at a safe a
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limited scale of detection of illeg
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The commercial production of images
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in isolation. According to the IPOL
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continued existence of both the pro
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2.10.3 Scale In the Netherlands mos
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developments relating to counterfei
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3.2 The public purse: VAT fraud, ex
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a separate legal entity takes care
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Table 6 Misuse of companies in 2000
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Chinese Dutch nationals are reporte
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have created more opportunities wit
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Investment fraud is the general nam
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Almost all contacts in advance fee
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The structure of a boiler room is d
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caught will increase. Fraudsters su
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a role, namely the fact that superv
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special investigation services. The
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competition. In the past this has r
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• electronic and electrical appli
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Any violation of the EU Regulation
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level. Out of a selection of more t
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those used for scrap vehicles. A lo
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As well as being numerous and compl
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consequences of the exporting of th
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In recent years, the integration ph
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Criminals invest in property togeth
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Undermining of the rule of law and
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Professionals’ right of non-discl
Page 142 and 143: 3.6.7 Conclusion The investment of
Page 144 and 145: Factors related to property crime F
Page 146 and 147: The relative poverty in many Easter
Page 148 and 149: • An elderly lady is working in h
Page 150 and 151: connections between offences cannot
Page 152 and 153: 4.3 Shoplifting 4.3.1 Introduction
Page 154 and 155: 4.3.7 Conclusion As a result of sho
Page 156 and 157: audio and video equipment and build
Page 158 and 159: Mainly native Dutch offender groups
Page 160 and 161: However, there are also factors tha
Page 162 and 163: According to the National Vehicle C
Page 164 and 165: Table 8 Development of recorded car
Page 166 and 167: 4.5.5 Consequences for Dutch societ
Page 168 and 169: Robberies can be described as the r
Page 170 and 171: Ram raiding Ram raids have been rec
Page 172 and 173: damage to buildings, etc. In one ca
Page 174 and 175: ‘Organised, supraregional ram rai
Page 178 and 179: 4.8.2 General context The handling
Page 182 and 183: 5.2.2 Corruption of public servants
Page 184 and 185: Scale For years the Netherlands has
Page 186 and 187: make contact with one another. By d
Page 188 and 189: In cases of investment fraud, poten
Page 190 and 191: 1. Enforcement of behaviour In case
Page 194 and 195: In addition, the financial damage t
Page 196 and 197: However, they were found guilty of
Page 198 and 199: takes them to a counterfeit website
Page 200 and 201: equired to defraud Internet users c
Page 202 and 203: customers. Customers must be on the
Page 204 and 205: Quite often, organised crime does n
Page 206 and 207: for criminal purposes, it is likely
Page 208 and 209: 5.7 Counterstrategies 5.7.1 Introdu
Page 210 and 211: potential witnesses refused (or wer
Page 212 and 213: eceive protection, as there is alwa
Page 214 and 215: 5.8.2 General context Forgery of do
Page 216 and 217: Chamber of Commerce and the municip
Page 218 and 219: 5.8.6 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 220 and 221: 6.2 Criminal caravan camp residents
Page 222 and 223: Nederweed In the subreport on canna
Page 224 and 225: Roma have been reported for committ
Page 226 and 227: 6.4 Criminal liaisons British crimi
Page 228 and 229: The use of solvents to extract coca
Page 230 and 231: on the Internet and growing equipme
Page 232 and 233: egularly found in suspicious circum
Page 234 and 235: no capacity is made available for i
Page 236 and 237: Unlike in 2004, the intertwining of
Page 238 and 239: organisations have access to one or
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Whenever illegal markets such as th
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Appendix 1 Project structure Projec
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E.R. Kleemans Senior Researcher Res
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F. van den Heuvell Analysis Special
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J. ’t Lam Strategic Analyst Natio
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Appendix 2 Overview of qualificatio
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Netherlands Police Agency
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