National Threat Assessment 2008. Organised Crime - Politie

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special investigation services. There are a number of reasons why the recorded information is incomplete. For example, people do not have to report environmental crimes, crime involving soil is difficult to establish and the legislation is complex. In recent years hardly any criminal investigations have been conducted into soil remediation crime. However, a number of examples provide some insight into the scale: • The Netherlands Police Agency’s Department of International Police Information (IPOL) receives an average of two reports per month about possible malpractices in relation to soil remediation; • Within a couple of months, a campaign by Crimestoppers Netherlands resulted in 11 reports of illegal activities involving soil remediation; • An investigation by the Netherlands Court of Audit noted that it was unclear where the contaminated soil was transported to and where the clean soil came from in a quarter of the remediation cases that were investigated; • An investigation by the Inspectorate of the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment showed that 15 out of the 21 remediation operations investigated did not meet the remediation objective, whilst the evaluation report stated that the objective had been achieved; • That same investigation revealed a significant deviation from the official remediation result in 75% of the cases investigated (i.e. the level of residual pollution was greater than stated in the evaluation report). In a few cases public health was even at risk; • An investigation carried out by the Amsterdam-Amstelland regional police force showed that 70% of the transports investigated were in breach of the Soil Protection Act. These transports mainly involved the illegal disposal of contaminated soil. The above examples may give the impression that the entire soil remediation sector is systematically involved in criminal behaviour. This is not the case, but supervisors, enforcers and representatives of investigating authorities do agree that malpractices occur regularly in the soil remediation sector. 3.4.4 Criminal organisation Many of the companies simply carry out their activities according to the rules. Other companies operate ‘on the edge’ of what is permitted, some companies go ‘over the edge’ by violating the rules. There are two categories of offenders. On the one hand, there are the incidental offenders and, on the other hand, the systematic offenders (the so-called ‘free riders’). The former group consists of company employees who originally were 116 National Threat Assessment 2008 – Organised crime
not planning to commit the violations, but were confronted with setbacks during the remediation, perhaps because the survey was not extensive enough, because they were unable to perform the remediation properly, because they were put under pressure by the customer or because they did not have enough time or money to do the job properly. This group of offenders includes employees of municipal authorities that try to save money for the community. Municipalities often have a limited budget for soil remediation. In some cases the offenders in this category are not sufficiently aware of laws and regulations, and the illegal activities can be attributed to incompetence. The latter group commits crimes of an organised nature. They make as much use as possible of the opportunities for committing crimes and make as much money as possible from those crimes. One example involved a company that acted illegally during a soil remediation operation and made a profit of 750,000 euros. The fine imposed afterwards was (a mere) 15,000 euros. A company supplied contaminated soil to a soil cleaning company. This company paid between 30 and 40 euros per cubic metre for the heavily contaminated soil to be processed. The soil processing company sold the soil (without cleaning it) to another company via contacts with a former employee. The company purchasing the soil was compensated for accepting the contaminated soil, which generated an unlawful profit of 150,000 euros. This allowed the soil cleaning company to save 35 euros per cubic metre. The unlawfully obtained profit made by the soil cleaning company was estimated at 400,000 euros. Investigations also revealed that incorrect permits were used and that the supervisor must have been aware of the illegal activities. The company intimidated the municipal supervisor to ensure that he took no action. 3.4.5 Consequences for Dutch society Soil remediation crime harms the living environment and may have a direct effect on public health. However, the risk to public health differs depending on the substance, the period of exposure and individual physical characteristics, which means that exact figures about the damage to public health in the Netherlands caused by soil remediation crime cannot be established. The value of a house can drop sharply if it is found to be built on contaminated land. This can lead to social unrest. Another effect is a loss of trust in the government, as the government is responsible for the issuing of permits, as well as for enforcement and supervision. By not following the rules a number of companies are able to work more cheaply than their competitors, which constitutes unfair chapter 3 – Fraud and money laundering 117
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KLPD - IPOL Department National Thr
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Publisher: IPOL Department Postbus
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2.3.5 Crime-related factors and exp
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3.4.7 Conclusion 119 3.5 Crime invo
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5.3.1 Introduction and scope 186 5.
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Preface The first National Threat A
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Acknowledgements This National Thre
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phenomena - as well as on societal
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It should be noticed that the organ
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In early 2007 a Supervisory Committ
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1.5.3 Regional Crime Pattern Analys
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For environmental crime, the study
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A conditional threat involves crimi
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forces all made their contributions
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2 Illegal markets 2.1 Introduction
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with the aim of transporting large
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Demand In 2005 the number of ‘cur
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identity papers. It was impossible
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use currently occurring in various
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An important indicator of heroin pr
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2.3.3 Criminal organisations Three
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without being noticed. The harm tha
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Criminals often look for a remote l
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other than BMK and PMK are increasi
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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is
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From the source country onwards, th
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People can also be the victims of i
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Other chemicals will probably be ob
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the expectation that organised crim
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Figure 2 Number of nurseries disman
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which is just over 360,000 people.
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A strikingly high number of crimina
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mortgage. Various types of fraud ar
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Page 70 and 71: offences under Section 273f of the
Page 72 and 73: 2.6.3 Scale Exploitation in prostit
Page 74 and 75: 2.6.6 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 76 and 77: 2.7 Illegal immigrant smuggling 30
Page 78 and 79: who have been in the Netherlands il
Page 80 and 81: were registered as being suspected
Page 82 and 83: It is not known whether the positio
Page 84 and 85: the weapons are stashed at a safe a
Page 86 and 87: limited scale of detection of illeg
Page 88 and 89: The commercial production of images
Page 90 and 91: in isolation. According to the IPOL
Page 92 and 93: continued existence of both the pro
Page 94 and 95: 2.10.3 Scale In the Netherlands mos
Page 96 and 97: developments relating to counterfei
Page 98 and 99: 3.2 The public purse: VAT fraud, ex
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Page 102 and 103: Table 6 Misuse of companies in 2000
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Page 106 and 107: have created more opportunities wit
Page 108 and 109: Investment fraud is the general nam
Page 110 and 111: Almost all contacts in advance fee
Page 112 and 113: The structure of a boiler room is d
Page 114 and 115: caught will increase. Fraudsters su
Page 116 and 117: a role, namely the fact that superv
Page 120 and 121: competition. In the past this has r
Page 122 and 123: • electronic and electrical appli
Page 124 and 125: Any violation of the EU Regulation
Page 126 and 127: level. Out of a selection of more t
Page 128 and 129: those used for scrap vehicles. A lo
Page 130 and 131: As well as being numerous and compl
Page 132 and 133: consequences of the exporting of th
Page 134 and 135: In recent years, the integration ph
Page 136 and 137: Criminals invest in property togeth
Page 138 and 139: Undermining of the rule of law and
Page 140 and 141: Professionals’ right of non-discl
Page 142 and 143: 3.6.7 Conclusion The investment of
Page 144 and 145: Factors related to property crime F
Page 146 and 147: The relative poverty in many Easter
Page 148 and 149: • An elderly lady is working in h
Page 150 and 151: connections between offences cannot
Page 152 and 153: 4.3 Shoplifting 4.3.1 Introduction
Page 154 and 155: 4.3.7 Conclusion As a result of sho
Page 156 and 157: audio and video equipment and build
Page 158 and 159: Mainly native Dutch offender groups
Page 160 and 161: However, there are also factors tha
Page 162 and 163: According to the National Vehicle C
Page 164 and 165: Table 8 Development of recorded car
Page 166 and 167: 4.5.5 Consequences for Dutch societ
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Robberies can be described as the r
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Ram raiding Ram raids have been rec
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damage to buildings, etc. In one ca
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‘Organised, supraregional ram rai
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4.7.5 Consequences for Dutch societ
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4.8.2 General context The handling
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4.8.5 Consequences for Dutch societ
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5.2.2 Corruption of public servants
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Scale For years the Netherlands has
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make contact with one another. By d
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In cases of investment fraud, poten
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1. Enforcement of behaviour In case
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The use of violence within criminal
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In addition, the financial damage t
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However, they were found guilty of
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takes them to a counterfeit website
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equired to defraud Internet users c
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customers. Customers must be on the
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Quite often, organised crime does n
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for criminal purposes, it is likely
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5.7 Counterstrategies 5.7.1 Introdu
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potential witnesses refused (or wer
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eceive protection, as there is alwa
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5.8.2 General context Forgery of do
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Chamber of Commerce and the municip
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5.8.6 Crime-related factors and exp
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6.2 Criminal caravan camp residents
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Nederweed In the subreport on canna
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Roma have been reported for committ
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6.4 Criminal liaisons British crimi
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The use of solvents to extract coca
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on the Internet and growing equipme
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egularly found in suspicious circum
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no capacity is made available for i
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Unlike in 2004, the intertwining of
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organisations have access to one or
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at Schiphol Airport and lorry drive
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Whenever illegal markets such as th
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Appendix 1 Project structure Projec
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E.R. Kleemans Senior Researcher Res
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F. van den Heuvell Analysis Special
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J. ’t Lam Strategic Analyst Natio
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Appendix 2 Overview of qualificatio
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Netherlands Police Agency
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